tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35200777705734487112024-02-20T11:31:50.028-05:00The New Independent WhigOn Whigs, Commonwealth, Libertarians, Progressives, American System, British System, John Locke, John Trenchard, and Thomas Gordon.Agishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05297300559991439052noreply@blogger.comBlogger113125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520077770573448711.post-53891908188637394582017-11-25T20:29:00.001-05:002017-11-25T20:29:08.200-05:00UntitledLooking at the American people, I wonder whether it is apt to say that there are two great camps: those who follow their hearts and those who follow their heads. The former cling to the old idea that American labor deserves a living wage. The latter say, "the world has changed, and we must accept the fact." The former are poor, uneducated, and unskilled. The latter are affluent, educated, and skilled. The former have nothing to gain from listening to their heads, and the latter have nothing to gain from listening to their hearts. The former cling to the fantasy of realizing the American Dream. The latter, having realized this dream, eschew emotional attachments. <br /><br />The two camps gaze at each other across a gulf. Or rather, the heart-led folk gaze across at the heartless, and the heartless are gazing into the future. In the future, there is no longer such a thing as race or nationality. In the future, automation will be capable of performing tasks that today can only be performed by human beings. Cars will drive their passengers. Our every movement will be electronically monitored so that we may be better served. In the future, the institution of marriage will be nothing but a fading memory. Heart will no longer find a home. <br /><br />Agishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05297300559991439052noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520077770573448711.post-19486140124366124912017-09-11T12:45:00.000-04:002017-09-11T12:45:30.155-04:00Commemorating 9/11/2001: 2017 EditionThe news of late has focused on the succession of hurricanes that have battered our brothers and sisters in Florida and Texas. We see once again the ability of Americans to rally together in times of crisis, revealing the depths of their compassion. <br />
<br />
But there is another crisis we face as a nation, and it is the most insidious sort of crisis because it moves among us without anyone being aware of it. How shall I describe it? At the risk of disturbing an atheistic or agnostic reader, I will call it a spiritual crisis. And by "spiritual", I mean everything that is left over once we've discovered the limits of rationality. Hence, "spiritual" takes in ethics. I've tried, but remain unconvinced that rationality is enough to produce a meaningful ethical point of view. Ethics is not built on rational argumentation. It belongs to our emotional lives. It is not a question of rationality to decide, with firmness and courage, to commit oneself to being an ardent patriot simply because of where we happened to be born. It is not a matter of rationality to accept, with open eyes, the nature of the world in which we live. The rational mind could just as easily settle on the conclusion, "there is nothing I, as an individual, can do" or "the world that the mainstream media shows us is accurate," or "I will set my fix my hopes and dreams on the next major consumer purchase on my list." It is not rational, but it is ethical, to fight even when there is no chance of winning. It is not rational, but it is ethical, to refuse the life that we have been offered in favor of a life that may remain beyond our reach. <br />
<br />
The events of 9/11 were a coordinated assault on the United States -- on our homeland, which had previously been far removed from experiencing the immediacy of war, as it was felt in Great Britain, France, and throughout Europe during World War II, or as it was felt in Vietnam or Iraq. Our leaders cynically used 9/11 as a pretext for a more aggressive campaign of Oil Imperialism in the Middle East, and the ongoing civilian drone-strikes and bombings may slip from our awareness because they have become a routine, but I must remind you that whenever death is rained down on civilians, that too is terrorism.<br />
<br />
From an ethical standpoint, we cannot -- as many have urged -- close our borders to Syrian and Iraqi refugees because we created the conflicts from which they are fleeing. We have waged an economic war on Mexico ever since NAFTA, and must accept the consequences of that as well. From an ethical standpoint, it is not enough to say "I did not vote for Mr. Trump."<br />
<br />
In contemplating the ethical standpoint, I've thought about the opposite of an ethical standpoint, and a metaphor that comes to mind is addiction. The alcoholic is surrounded by signs that her addiction is straining and destroying friendships, causing poor health, and undermining her economic self-sufficiency. But it is possible for an alcoholic through the enormous power of addiction and denial to refuse to see these things. What the alcoholic must learn, if she is to survive and perhaps prosper again some day, is this, "God grant me the serenity / to accept the things I cannot change; / courage to change the things I can; / and wisdom to know the difference."<br />
<br />
Ethics requires courage and wisdom. Courage and wisdom require us to boldly accept uncomfortable truths. America did not deserve the horrors of 9/11. But our leaders at the time were inattentive to the warning signs that intelligence agencies had been regularly relaying to the White House, and before that, inattentive to the predictable consequences of providing support to the Taliban (the ethical person knows that it is in the nature of a scorpion to sting). Our leaders are a reflection of who we are as a people. We have not learned to become better at choosing our leaders and as a result, what the future holds is more of the same: an avoidable loss of innocent American lives. <br />
<br />
What we have learned from the 2016 election is this: (1) the two-party system is a choice between two saloons, each of which only promises to aggravate our addiction to an unethical way of life, (2) campaign contributions are the false friends who buy us drinks, and (3) to choose to do nothing is to choose disaster. In remembering 9/11, let us remember simply this: the needless loss of innocent American lives is something that we do not and cannot tolerate. Serene in this knowledge, let us think carefully about how to avoid its repetition. Let us make ethical choices. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />Agishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05297300559991439052noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520077770573448711.post-6608863643239873832017-06-25T13:31:00.002-04:002017-06-25T20:04:17.172-04:00Orwell Commemorative Essay 2017<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Welcome to this year’s installment of my annual appreciation
of George Orwell.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is occasioned by his
birthday.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This year’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">festschrift</i> will feature his book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Down and Out in London and Paris</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Of course, this is the Orwell who is known for the book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">1984</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Sales of that novel spiked briefly following Donald Trump’s election to
the presidency.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But that was merely a vainglorious gesture by the well-read
crowd, a response to Trump’s penchant for peddling “alternative truths.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A more meaningful gesture and a more effective dissent to the Trump presidency requires a good deal more than this.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
would require a thoroughgoing examination of the roots and fruition of a
political form known as OLIGARCHY.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And
that word seems to have disappeared from popular discourse after its brief
vogue during Bernie Sanders’ moment, and that other moment when the brilliant
economist Thomas Piketty brought attention to it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwC0FuY33H7xgNjfjXaSi6BaDwvtzHeb-VJpmHtYQcZ3Qp0s2pir3STeVA3X1bFXEHILTIeJsgqionT55pu6Jq1t6c-wI9YbzMAnpQj50RFj4WAqt7SXeFro_HLGxqr5On4IUXqTPqsPs/s1600/orwell-down-and-out-in-paris-and-london.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="565" data-original-width="375" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwC0FuY33H7xgNjfjXaSi6BaDwvtzHeb-VJpmHtYQcZ3Qp0s2pir3STeVA3X1bFXEHILTIeJsgqionT55pu6Jq1t6c-wI9YbzMAnpQj50RFj4WAqt7SXeFro_HLGxqr5On4IUXqTPqsPs/s320/orwell-down-and-out-in-paris-and-london.jpg" width="212" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I think this passing away of interest in oligarchy owes to
something more significant than America’s short attention span.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are many reasons that apply to many
classes of person for not wanting to gaze too long at the fact of oligarchy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Too many Americans will recognize themselves in
it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Those loathsome purveyors of Identity
Politics, who cast the African American as a sort of Noble Savage in naïve ignorance
of the racist undertones of it, they are oligarchs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They graduate from Harvard and use the word “privilege”
as a cudgel against intellectually inferior ideological opponents who reject
the idea that our country’s political misfortunes can all be laid at the feet
of white working-class men.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Harvard is its own sort of Ministry of Truth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It broadcasts a critique of privilege even as
it denies a living wage to its service staff.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The ideology of Identity Politics focuses attention on those evils
catalogued by Secretary Clinton – as embodied by “racist, sexist, homophobic,
xenophobic, Islamaphobic” deplorables who ignorantly fail to respond to her
message.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And conspicuously left out of
that list of offenses is the systematic creation and exacerbation of poverty by
a handful of politically powerful individuals who happen to be her campaign
donors.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
All this brings me back that book, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Down and Out in London and Paris</i>, in which Orwell avoids the grand
themes that distinguish his better-known works.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Instead, his attention is turned to the most prosaic of topics: the
brute fact of poverty.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Orwell had long struggled to earn a living.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But in March of 1929 he fell gravely
ill.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After, his money had been stolen
from him not by the culprit identified in the book but by a young <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">demimonde</i> that he’d invited back to his
room and which he’d kept silent about until years later.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He had recourse – he could have borrowed
money to restore himself to bare respectability – but he chose to join the ranks
of the homeless, to learn firsthand how they lived.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
He was obliged to sell or pawn his clothes and wear the
clothes that one can afford to allow to become dirty.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And donning the durable and inexpensive
clothes that poor people wear, Orwell immediately observed a change in how
others perceived him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His experience was
reminiscent of that outlined by seminal Identitarian tracts such as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Black Like Me</i> (John Howard Griffins’
account of impersonating a black man) and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gentleman’s
Agreement</i> (Laura Hobson’s fictional imagining of a man impersonating a
Jew).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Assuming the identity of a poor
person, he found that the community of the poor began calling him “mate” for
the first time and readily accepting him as one of their own.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
And women treated him differently.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“For the first time I noticed,” Orwell said, “how
the attitude of women varies with a man’s clothes. When a badly dressed man
passes them they shudder away from him with a quite frank movement of disgust,
as though he were a dead cat.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In our present Identitarian age we are told a great deal
about how men as a group conspire against the legitimate ambitions of women to
become full participants in society.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But
we hear little about how Harvard graduates conspire against the legitimate
ambitions of the poor to become full participants in society.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Orwell also learned that devotees of organized religion
conspire against the poor, seeing poverty as a vulnerability that can be
exploited.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is no free biscuit and
cup of tea without first listening to a lengthy proselytizing sermon.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Just as today, the poor are expected to
believe certain things before their needs will even be acknowledged.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The white poor are expected to believe that
the needs of poor blacks take precedence over their own needs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They are expected to believe that their
poverty can be alleviated if they themselves attend the right vocational
training classes, or relocate without a moment’s hesitation when work leaves
their hometown.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yes, that is what our
opinion leaders tell us.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Rust Belt
breadwinners would be better off if they became itinerant laborers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s a lie, and not even a carefully
concocted lie.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But one needn’t bother to
come up with convincing lies to tell the poor since so few poor people are
willing to believe that they are poor and those who do are desperate enough to
believe anything they are told.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Orwell also spoke about homosexuality in this book.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He recounted a time when he was staying at a “spike”
– a sort of homeless shelter for casual (itinerant) laborers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was placed in a room without beds with a
stranger.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That other man, at about
midnight “began making homosexual attempts upon me—a nasty experience in a
locked, pitch-dark cell. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was a feeble
creature and I could manage him easily, but of course it was impossible to go
to sleep again.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But Orwell wasn’t as homophobic as one might expect of a man
of the 1930s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Instead, he listened
respectfully.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“For the rest of the night
we stayed awake, smoking and talking. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
man told me the story of his life—he was a fitter, out of work for three years.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He said that his wife had promptly
deserted him when he lost his job, and he had been so long away from women that
he had almost forgotten what they were like. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Homosexuality is general among tramps of long
standing, he said.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Today, <i><b>adventitious homosexuality </b></i>is found among prison
inmates and young women who can’t endure the demeaning conditions of heterosexist
white male supremacy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
No, I am <b>not
</b>advocating the view that homosexuality is a “lifestyle choice” or an immoral
behavior.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Homosexuality is a reflection
of a natural human hunger.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is like
the hunger for food.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No one has the
right to tell a starving person what to eat or what to refrain from
eating.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But one must wonder at signs
that this starvation exists even among the affluent daughters of
privilege.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Where am I going with this?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Oh, perhaps I am wondering whether too many
men these days are wearing the wrong clothes and are beneath a woman’s
consideration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Or maybe I am tired of
being told what to believe and what not to believe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I am trying to place myself in the position
of those deplorables that Secretary Clinton decided weren’t worth the trouble
of courting as Democratic voters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<br />
As Quixote tilted at windmills, I will tilt at shibboleths. You're apt to be offended and read no further. But as millions of poor of diverse race and gender were dying of alcohol poisoning, suicide, and opioid overdose, our nation was preoccupied with the question of where transgendered persons ought to be allowed to urinate. And I remain angry. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Agishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05297300559991439052noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520077770573448711.post-61386729738722974852016-11-08T23:43:00.002-05:002016-11-09T11:58:42.978-05:00The Taste of AshThe economist Joseph Schumpeter said that the "essential fact about capitalism" is that it depends on a force that he called creative destruction. It manifests as a constant restructuring and reallocation, as mergers and spin-offs, and these create and destroy production arrangements. Sometimes what looks like a decision -- an abrupt clearing the chess board of all the remaining pieces and starting a new game -- is no decision at all. Instead it was only the spasm of an ongoing slow-moving process of destruction. <br />
<br />
It is called creative destruction but it destroys far more than it creates. It throws hard-working people out of their jobs. It sows fear and constant anxiety among people who'd once had settled and predictable lives. It tears down landmarks and builds up strip-malls in their place. <br />
<br />
According to economist Ricardo Caballero, over 10% of existing jobs are destroyed each year, and about the same number are created in the following year. People clear out their belongings, go home, sob and fret and sell their belongings. They swallow their pride, learn new skills, and start again from the beginning. <br />
<br />
I suspect that what ultimately doomed the Democratic Party was its refusal to so much as acknowledge the existence of a <b>Second Great Depression</b>. (Former Fed Chairman Bernanke agrees with this assessment, <a href="http://money.cnn.com/2014/08/27/news/economy/ben-bernanke-great-depression/">source</a>). If the American people had been told, "you are not to blame for your suffering" then there would be less shame in poverty. And if there had been less shame there would have been less anger.<br />
<br />
<br />
We, the American people, have created a system based on ungoverned, rapacious capitalism. This anarchic force has displayed some creative destruction today. We may expect to see change in the months to come, and they will be unpleasant, but at the same time nothing has changed. We have chosen -- through our complacency and inaction -- a form of government which is like a fire burning out of control. It offers little by way of warmth or light, but is astoundingly efficient at producing smoke and ruin. Agishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05297300559991439052noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520077770573448711.post-90954481151937713632016-10-23T15:26:00.002-04:002016-10-23T15:26:30.975-04:00What Happened to the Party of Lincoln? Can We Get it Back?<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
The short answer is no.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
And although I will be looking at what I see as a “bright
spot” in his political message, let me be clear in stating up front that Mr.
Trump is a thoroughly despicable, untrustworthy, and psychologically unhinged
individual.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Two Party System is almost certainly the two faces shown
to the public by a single oligarchy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
oligarchy benefits from providing the public with an illusion of choice.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The precedent for this is found in the former
Soviet Union, where voters could choose between candidates but all of the
candidates hewed to the same party line.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Evidence that the two parties share a single pro-oligarch agenda is
ample, but some of the more salient examples are (1) the complete absence of political
effort to overturn Citizen’s United, (2) the continuing favorable tax treatment
of corporations, (3) policies which subsidize the replacement of American jobs
with low-paid foreign labor, either through foreign outsourcing or “insourcing”
immigrant labor to replace Americans, and (4) an unforgivably laggardly
performance with respect to raising the minimum wage. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Nonetheless, it is worth thinking about the possibility –
however fanciful -- that, even within the constraints offered by the Two Party
System, the will of the people might find expression. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The occasion for this musing is that question
posed up front, “what happened to the Party of Lincoln?”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As even the casual student of history knows, the Republican
Party that Abraham Lincoln represented was the anti-slavery party.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lincoln’s adversaries were pro-slavery
Democrats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A series of unfortunate political
events ensued.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In time, leaders of the
Republican Party latched onto a “Southern Strategy” which relied on overt and
covert race-baiting and racial antagonism to win the loyalty of White Southern
voters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Democratic Party started to
champion the aims of the Civil Rights Movement and leaders such as FDR, JFK and
LBJ took concrete steps to address racial inequality, facing staunch resistance
by Republicans. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Republican Party that Abraham Lincoln represented was
also the party of Protectionism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One of
the more fascinating developments of the 2016 election cycle is the emergence
of popular support for changes in policy to better protect American labor from
the predations of low-cost foreign labor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>We saw this emerge among Bernie Sanders’ supporters and among Trump
supporters. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We have also seen the
political establishment rise up with startling ferocity to quash both of these
candidates.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Democratic Party turned
against one of its own.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Republican Party
turned against one of its own.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
And yet, millions of Americans seem to have awaken to the
fact that Protectionism is a good idea.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>These same Americans are undoubtedly the Americans who have been most
severely and most directly affected by the closure of American factories or by
the resulting decline in the revenue of cities and states that have lost large
numbers of jobs.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sure, many learned academics have told us the Protectionism
is folly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They used to tell us that
so-called “free trade” policies will ultimately benefit the American
economy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nowadays, they are a little
less willing to make that assertion, but they will say instead that “there is
no alternative.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the United States is
not on board with “free trade” and globalization, it will fall behind.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTdrXdjBB378Mt5RkYMoqxBrZgymoGcVEOssyZoPDua3Edg5zs4fk8qlBumIVVBg9mhgn6-4Tjr3zPxDZ6ZT2UppdvGUnPc5eCpVS7HcNFzULvW0leoPYLmF-SmCOdeaiiryd4gwgt5M0/s1600/gdp+change+10+years.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTdrXdjBB378Mt5RkYMoqxBrZgymoGcVEOssyZoPDua3Edg5zs4fk8qlBumIVVBg9mhgn6-4Tjr3zPxDZ6ZT2UppdvGUnPc5eCpVS7HcNFzULvW0leoPYLmF-SmCOdeaiiryd4gwgt5M0/s320/gdp+change+10+years.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The lie revealed: Globalization has not benefited U.S. GDP.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>The big surprise of the 2016 election cycle has been the
waking up of millions of Republican voters to the reality that “free trade”
policies have harmed them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rank-and-file
Republicans have the reputation of being staunch defenders of business
interests and staunch defenders of the holy principle of “free market economics.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They still are.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But they’ve clearly caught wise to the fact
that “free trade” belongs in scare quotes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It is a misleading label for U.S. trade practices.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is a way of disguising the fact that trade
agreements are earmarks for a small group of large, multinational
corporations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These large, multinational
corporations are <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">anathema to free
markets</b> because they are very simply the modern expression of Gilded Era trusts
and monopolies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Heads of said
corporations also contribute lavish sums to certain effective, influential, and
acquiescent politicians.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And so, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mirabile dictu</i>, it is on
conservative-friendly sites like the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Drudge
Report</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Breitbart</i> that one
sees expressions such as “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">crony capitalism</b>.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That’s the sort of turn-of-phrase that
belongs in the mouths of persons who have studied Karl Marx and are smart
enough to recognize that, for all the rubbish he said, Marx made some valid
points.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Rank-and-file Republicans appear to have evolved
intellectually.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s sad to say that many
Democrats – specifically, supporters of Hillary Clinton – have not shown a
similar evolution in thinking.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some of
her supporters might have qualms about trade agreements but are content to
believe Secretary Clinton when she tells voters reassuring things about her
positions on foreign trade.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They’re more
concerned with what they see as more pressing issues such as which bathrooms
transsexuals are allowed to use.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Others
among her supporters believe what the learned academics have been saying about
the benefits of globalization.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They’re
the ones who were shocked and appalled by the results of the Brexit vote (by
the way, the powers in Great Britain are busily engaged in devising a strategy
for overriding the will of the British voters who chose the Brexit <a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-parliament-vote-mps-article-50-eu-negotiation-plan-labour-hillary-benn-a7376341.html">source</a>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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The sticking point is race. The ugly truth is that many Trump supporters are unabashed virulent Confederate flag-waving racists. As long as the racists put a face on the Republican Party, the party that was once the party of Lincoln is doomed to failure. The demographic reality is such that non-whites are becoming an increasingly large constituency and white, economically disadvantaged blue-collar Republicans will less and less of an impact on future elections. As one republican leader pointed out with unusual candor, “The demographics race we're losing badly,” according to senator Lindsey Graham. "We're not generating enough angry white guys to stay in business for the long term."</div>
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The Republican Party of today is not a party that African
Americans could ever embrace.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And maybe
that’s for the best.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Today’s
rank-and-file Republicans haven’t completely figured out crony capitalism,
after all.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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Republicans came out strongly in support of projects such as
Keystone XL based on the false idea that the oil flowing through that pipeline would
have benefited Americans (in fact, that oil was intended for export to China).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Support for Keystone XL has a lot to do with
the fact that many Red States are also states which benefit economically from the
onshore oil extraction industry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Just as
blithe “keep the oil in the ground” sloganeering comes from blue states which
do <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not</i></b>
benefit economically from the onshore oil extraction industry (there’s a lot to
be said for keeping the oil in the ground, but that argument would probably be
more effective if blue-staters acknowledged the fact that there are Americans
whose livelihoods depend on oil extraction, and were prepared to discuss what
to do about people whose livelihoods depend on that industry and who aren’t
trained to do anything else).</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw0WiT_k-hrw49hNdwLQ67ywLg4zVM6bzGZFn5AIXdBRAg2raiDfHWYHJ2HU9vJCo0aCFleqEXuhUUz4L1d2wFHwYgpVHjmJe9hdGldFepQC7nuHFm91lrMYix3ZSJXNi0zihAGViey5A/s1600/trump+trade+and+jobs.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw0WiT_k-hrw49hNdwLQ67ywLg4zVM6bzGZFn5AIXdBRAg2raiDfHWYHJ2HU9vJCo0aCFleqEXuhUUz4L1d2wFHwYgpVHjmJe9hdGldFepQC7nuHFm91lrMYix3ZSJXNi0zihAGViey5A/s320/trump+trade+and+jobs.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A couple of pleasant surprises, but also more of the same-old.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Republicans also continue to adhere to the specious “small
government is better” argument.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now, to
the extent that government is in the thrall of bankers and multinationals, I
can’t be entirely unsympathetic to the idea of reining in government.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And yet, that Reagan-era slogan doesn’t hold
water anymore.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even the most basic and
essential and uncontroversial of public services, such as clean drinking water
and infrastructure maintenance, are imperiled because cities and states
invested public money with Big Banks and are now impoverished by the usurious
interest payments imposed by the likes of Goldman Sachs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And because good-paying jobs are being
systematically taken away from Americans, the old way of Republican thinking, “get
a job and pay your own way” has lost its currency.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We need good schools now more than ever. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pardon my digressions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The point is that the Democratic Party, of the two major parties, is in
a very strong position to court and retain African American voters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Moreover, there are millions of white voters
who are passionately concerned about race relations and abhor the racism that
is all-too-characteristic of the Republican Party.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The tragic irony is that the Democratic Party answer to
racial inequality is not all that effective.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>African-American scholars such as Michelle Alexander and Sheryll Cashin
have provided compelling arguments to the effect that affirmative action only
benefits a relatively few African Americans – specifically, the handful who are
(1) unaffected by neighborhood racial inequality (for example, the affluent
African Americans who benefit from affirmative action for no good reason) or (2)
somehow manage to overcome the adverse effects of neighborhood racial
inequality and apply for college or apply for good-paying jobs, only to find themselves
unprepared for success.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nor can one seriously
argue that fronting an African American candidate for president has ameliorated
the problem of racial inequality in America.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>But such is the desperation of the African American community that its
members will respond with enthusiasm to even the emptiest of gestures on their behalf.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So, to answer my own question, the Party of Lincoln won’t
come back until we as a people rediscover the courage of our Founders.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the Founders were faced by oppression, they did not respond the way people usually respond to fear and anxiety.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They did not close their eyes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They did not stop using their brains.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They did not bury their heads in mindless
entertainments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They stood up.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They took the measure of their
oppressor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They acted. </div>
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Agishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05297300559991439052noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520077770573448711.post-39667314264193671852016-09-10T20:32:00.001-04:002016-09-10T20:32:27.140-04:00Annual Commemoration on the 15th Anniversary of the Events of 9/11.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]-->“O Lord, give each person his own personal death.
<br />
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A thing that moves out of the same life he lived, </div>
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In which he had love, and intelligence, and trouble.” </div>
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- Rainer Maria Rilke</div>
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<br /></div>
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This essay is meant as a commemoration on the anniversary of the
tragedy which the world knows simply as “9/11.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>And the word “commemorate” comes from the Latin <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">commemorationem</i>, or “reminding.” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perhaps it is strange of me to suggest that there
is a need for reminding, in connection with an event that has become so
thoroughly ingrained in our collective consciousness and our collective
unconsciousness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But not so strange if
you came upon the news story of a San Antonio mattress store which, in a 9/11
themed television ad, showed two employees falling backwards into twin towers
of mattresses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No tragedy, no matter how
grave and no matter how sacred, is safe against becoming <i>kitsch</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And this is only one step away from
forgetting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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Above, I’ve shared Rilke’s prayer for death.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rilke was a profoundly religious man, and saw
death as a passage through which we reach our final audience with God. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Why did he mourn the loss of death?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Writing with the industrial revolution in
mind, Rilke anticipated a mass-produced extinction taking the place of death.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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The social critic Theodor Adorno took up this theme.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He wrote, “Only a humanity to whom death has
become as indifferent as its members, that has itself died, can inflict it
administratively on innumerable people.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Rilke's prayer … is a piteous attempt to conceal the fact that nowadays
people merely snuff out.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adorno wrote
of this in connection with the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany and the harnessing
of industrial efficiency to the aim of ending lives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7F8ZhTEdi8V9Yg_b0ZFIN7S_1pdnM-kyyfTpfHf8xd_sppz0-nb6RDi_zz4qVZ7_KFqoOdieDaV8v9nsG1pP1Du5Yde5441-eudRVTEWn1aGWCli7eaFcrsIUiKigntaNEIs3BAYUAAg/s1600/prophecy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7F8ZhTEdi8V9Yg_b0ZFIN7S_1pdnM-kyyfTpfHf8xd_sppz0-nb6RDi_zz4qVZ7_KFqoOdieDaV8v9nsG1pP1Du5Yde5441-eudRVTEWn1aGWCli7eaFcrsIUiKigntaNEIs3BAYUAAg/s400/prophecy.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">An amateur artist named Willie Gardner created this about 10 years before 9/11/2001.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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The spiritually-inclined among us, those who see value in all human
life, regret that the events of 9/11 ushered in the so-called Global War on
Terror, which, conducted by the United States, has been snuffing out lives for
15 years straight.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In many countries
around the globe, this snuffing out occurs without the recipients receiving a
fair trial or a right to appeal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Government officials have admitted that some of these ended lives
belonged to “civilians” or “bystanders.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They won’t give the American people honest numbers on how many of the
dead fall into this category.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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Those of us who are not so spiritually-minded have little sympathy to spare
for the victims of the Global War on Terror.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>News sources remind us every day that American drones stalk their prey
in areas that are overrun by brutally violent psychopathic terrorists.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
It might be too difficult for us to push past the pain and rage that
come to mind when we recall the Americans who were killed on 9/11.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It might be too difficult to separate the
lurid image of the terrorist from the images of blameless children and wedding
guests whose time on earth is ended by American armaments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>We may simply be unable to experience the weight of responsibility that
comes with the robotized destruction of lives that has occurred over these last
15 years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
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We may be forced to concede that these sentiments require more of us than we are able
to give.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even so, it is still our
responsibility to the victims of 9/11 to accept that we are witnesses to an era
that has, through the miracle of technology, advanced beyond death.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> And as a direct result, we have lost the right to claim that every human life is irreplaceable and invaluable.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
Agishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05297300559991439052noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520077770573448711.post-20433495251614959182016-06-10T12:53:00.004-04:002016-06-10T13:06:10.518-04:00George Orwell Commemorative Essay, 2016<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
In his 1943 essay <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Who
are the War Criminals?”</i> George Orwell, a Briton, observed that members of
Parliament clamored to put Benito Mussolini on trial for war crimes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What made this peculiar to Orwell was the
fact that the politicians who clamored the loudest had been, before the war
began, lavish in their praise of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Il Duce</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Orwell quotes Winston Churchill, who in 1927 said to
Mussolini: “If I had been an Italian I am sure I should have been
whole-heartedly with you in your triumphant struggle against the bestial
appetites and passions of Leninism... [Italy] has provided the necessary
antidote to the Russian poison.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Hereafter no great nation will be unprovided with an ultimate means of
protection against the cancerous growth of Bolshevism.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3XH3n2n2MqT-aj5ZWCG6JTXsAi6KJge-M40-GopqYBmojGmFkb0_x8ZJZyb2jTIteLAfHhshRFgSvx2KbSiGNnBc91LxbL2ATRGUT5V0X17oarOCTF6mUW8EQYc4V2yzusR-7vVWak90/s1600/mussolini_libia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3XH3n2n2MqT-aj5ZWCG6JTXsAi6KJge-M40-GopqYBmojGmFkb0_x8ZJZyb2jTIteLAfHhshRFgSvx2KbSiGNnBc91LxbL2ATRGUT5V0X17oarOCTF6mUW8EQYc4V2yzusR-7vVWak90/s320/mussolini_libia.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mussolini in Libya</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A second political leader in Great Britain, a man by the
name of Lord Rothermere, also extolled Mussolini's efforts against
international socialism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rothermere said,
“In his own country [Mussolini] was the antidote to a deadly poison.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For the rest of Europe he has been a tonic
which has done to all incalculable good.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I can claim with sincere satisfaction to have been the first man in a
position of public influence to put Mussolini's splendid achievement in its
right light ... He is the greatest figure of our age.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Other political leaders feted Mussolini as well.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lady Chamberlain, sister-in-law of the Prime
Minister, was credited by some for her outspokenness in support of closer ties
between Great Britain and fascist Italy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She was joined by Neville and Austen Chamberlain, Lord Halifax, and
other national figures whose names are no longer remembered.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Years before Mussolini allied himself with Adolph Hitler,
he’d displayed to the world what it meant to be a fascist.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When he invaded Abyssinia (now Ethiopia), it
was a clandestine act in defiance of the League of Nations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His forces committed war crimes by using
banned chemical weapons, throwing prisoners from aircraft, crushing prisoners
beneath tank treads, and indiscriminately hoarding civilians into concentration
camps.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Mussolini’s concentration camps appeared in places such as
Danane, Nocra and Benghazi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“The
prisoners were generally men suspected of resisting the Italian occupation army
or women and children who lived in villages suspected of sympathizing with the
resistance (<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/29/news/29iht-camp_ed3_.html?pagewanted=all">source</a>).”
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For the most part, it was Arabs who were
placed behind the barbed wire fences, fed starvation rations, and allowed to
die from the infectious diseases that thrive in crowded, unsanitary spaces.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRj_q1GTW4grpRV7q3TEQrSCPEbwy2RzMktlc61Ux3G6sbX4sZcl3AO9Exi1SeIcfjfq09D26N0n47ZkUa0me-1Jd1lN2RyhchRnum-n98O8KJI6IiaZrGCnsDOo_LVsxWLFMnJGXPDHc/s1600/mussolini+and+lady+chamberlain.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRj_q1GTW4grpRV7q3TEQrSCPEbwy2RzMktlc61Ux3G6sbX4sZcl3AO9Exi1SeIcfjfq09D26N0n47ZkUa0me-1Jd1lN2RyhchRnum-n98O8KJI6IiaZrGCnsDOo_LVsxWLFMnJGXPDHc/s320/mussolini+and+lady+chamberlain.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The leaders in Great Britain knew these things but supported
Mussolini all the same.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Orwell discerned
that, for the moneyed few, nothing was as terrifying as the specter of
Bolshevism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the minds of the
oligarchs, if fascists did battle with communism they deserved support.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Orwell wrote, “The lords of property had decided
that Fascism was on their side and they were willing to swallow the most
stinking evils <b>so long as their property remained secure</b>. In their clumsy way
they were playing the game of Machiavelli, of ‘political realism’ …”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Orwell believed that “<b>political realism</b>” was both stupid and
immoral.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was stupid because, as
events would soon show, British leaders could not rely on the loyalty or
gratitude of a man like Mussolini.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For
all the support they’d given him, Mussolini still chose to side with Hitler in
a war of aggression against Europe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH090rMKVcv78DvyysQo2H3htV_pyMq15V4BNMX6RlEvXzdAPG68ur5MUUGAV7V-zxyAod2B5OnyPu-H2iHIiKKn0igxdg36WsIqXUD84mpu8rFY-cqPYCTztAU6UOJ5l_xPSCNPpxp70/s1600/chamberlain+match.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH090rMKVcv78DvyysQo2H3htV_pyMq15V4BNMX6RlEvXzdAPG68ur5MUUGAV7V-zxyAod2B5OnyPu-H2iHIiKKn0igxdg36WsIqXUD84mpu8rFY-cqPYCTztAU6UOJ5l_xPSCNPpxp70/s320/chamberlain+match.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chamberlain helped empower Mussolini</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Speaking to the immorality of realpolitik, Orwell said, “the
inability of the moneyed class to see anything wrong whatever in concentration
camps, ghettos, massacres and undeclared wars” was a sign that the oligarchs
had succumbed to “moral decadence.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
this, Orwell’s views align with those of numberless Classical Republicans who
have warned us since time immemorial of the corruption that arises when vast
wealth is concentrated into the hands of the few.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A possessor of unearned wealth becomes too
attached to the lifestyle that this affords, but cannot escape the nagging worry
that the same societal quirks that arbitrarily assigned him this wealth could
also take it away.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But for the British oligarchs, the warmth they felt for
Mussolini wasn’t solely because he was enemy of their enemy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The admired Mussolini as a man of
action.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In Italy, he had crushed labor
unions and peasant collectives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His invasion
of Abyssinia was an act of empire-building, something that British leaders
could appreciate and something that they could hardly condemn.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mussolini was one of the early technocratic political
leaders.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He had the values of a
businessman.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As he once said, “The
working of the State services must be made really efficient, whether it be by
removing the bureaucratic management or by industrialization,” adding that the
privatization of “postal, telephone and railway services” would be instrumental
to achieving this aim.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He made the
trains run on time.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
From a certain point of view, even the draconian steps of
building concentration camps and singling out broad swaths of the population for internment maybe seen as the bold moves
of a man who is neither afraid of controversy nor hindered by delicately-tuned
scruples. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Even though his political aims benefited the moneyed elite,
Mussolini was popular among ordinary working Italians.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He’d earned the reputation of being a
straight-talker.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He attributed his own
popularity to “telling upon every occasion and in every place the plain truth,”
adding, “the more this truth is unpalatable the greater the need to speak it
out.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> Members of the public yearn to be told unpleasant truths, once they've arrived at the point where they no longer trust the official pronouncements of establishment politicians and suspect that what is being kept from them is an honest discussion of the economic hardship they are already experiencing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
He was a nationalist, and for Italians wracked by poverty,
his message was sorely welcome.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“We deny
… internationalism, because it is a luxury which only the upper classes can
afford; the working people are hopelessly bound to their native shores.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Another key to Mussolini’s popularity was his shrewd insight
into the nature of politics.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was not
interested in developing policy positions or offering government programs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In his own words, “<b>Our program is simple: we
wish to govern Italy.</b> They ask us for programs but there are already too
many.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is not programs that are
wanting for the salvation of Italy but men and will power.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mussolini did not offer the electorate an
agenda but instead an attitude.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He derided
“<b>cowardly politicians</b>.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He opined that
it is, “better to live a day as a lion than 100 years as a sheep.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He praised the Italian people for the simple
reason that they were Italian.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He bared
his muscled chest before the people.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
married, and had affairs with, young and beautiful women.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He declared, “We do not argue with those who
disagree with us, we destroy them.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Ordinary Italians wished to live vicariously through him, and resolve
the rage they felt after years of humiliating poverty. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When the Tories were openly embracing Mussolini before the
war, where were the liberals?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They spoke
out with moral indignation, and reminded the public of Mussolini’s atrocities. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But their critique was half-hearted and received
as an obligatory fault-finding with the views held by the opposing party.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The liberal view did not prevail until
Italian bombs starting falling on British ships.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Where did the conventional wisdom stand? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To address this point, it bears noting that
Lord Rothermere, who openly consorted with Hitler and Mussolini, controlled the
editorial content of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Daily Mail</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;">
Coverage of the Mussolini’s rise by the British press was
mixed, ranging from a complete lack of recognition to mild disapproval. The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Daily</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Telegraph</i>’s December 30, 1922 yearly review of important world
events did not even mention the Italian fascist coup.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Times</i>
(London) of November 18, 1922 declared Mussolini a “masterful man,” whose,
“programme bears the stamp of his strong character,” reflecting the Conservative
view that Mussolini’s takeover marked the welcome end to Italy’s previous
corrupt liberal government, and was on the whole a positive resolution to Italy’s
dire political situation (<a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=5&ved=0ahUKEwjptdaslJHNAhUB_mMKHSHuAWwQFgg4MAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Fchid%2Fintersections_Autumn_2010%2FBret_Rubin_The_Death_of_British_Fascism.pdf&usg=AFQjCNFxvYsQjB1Bnab_e65ULGOCfcOxIQ&sig2=Pj7UK7T9oTHoUeME4pstsg&cad=rja">source</a>).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Although particularly venomous in his criticism of the
Tories’ embrace of Mussolini, Orwell did not spare the liberals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Just as the conservatives forgave Mussolini
his crimes, many liberals forgave or chose to overlook Stalin’s crimes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Left, Orwell observed, “have been too
easily satisfied with themselves.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Their
condemnation of the Tories was accurate, but their capacity for self-criticism
was markedly deficient.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1u5bZj591oMoT2TozKlsQa7CnB7O0hq0wmYNxUSt0IVPGO5auQUO-VgH2qQ46aynbVCq9iEEve8JbHu8rd45jWOROcrFFMVgekMksabjo8jxTnt4NnngNVo1eOjDy6y7J39bRYAa2n5Q/s1600/Hurrah-for-the-Blackshirts.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1u5bZj591oMoT2TozKlsQa7CnB7O0hq0wmYNxUSt0IVPGO5auQUO-VgH2qQ46aynbVCq9iEEve8JbHu8rd45jWOROcrFFMVgekMksabjo8jxTnt4NnngNVo1eOjDy6y7J39bRYAa2n5Q/s320/Hurrah-for-the-Blackshirts.jpg" width="237" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mussolini's thugs were known as "blackshirts."</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The attitude of the Left towards the Russian régime has
been distinctly similar to the attitude of the Tories towards Fascism,” Orwell
wrote.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“There has been the same tendency
to excuse almost anything ‘because they're on our side’. It is all very well to
talk about Lady Chamberlain photographed shaking hands with Mussolini; the
photograph of Stalin shaking hands with [Nazi foreign minister] Ribbentrop is
much more recent.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In another essay Orwell
observed that the “liberal intelligentsia is lacking. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>Bully-worship</b>, under various disguises, has
become a universal religion, and such truisms as that a machine-gun is still a
machine-gun even when a ‘good’ man is squeezing the trigger ... have turned
into heresies which it is actually becoming dangerous to utter.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
He said, “If there is a way out of the <b>moral pigsty</b> we are
living in, the first step towards it is probably to grasp that [political] ‘realism’
does not pay.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
If we follow Mr. Orwell's logic, we may conclude that we never see the lies we believe. So if we are leading blinkered lives, and we are unwitting adherent to a cult of bully-worship, what are the signs? If our political leaders ally with tyrants and admire technocratic efficiency, if they've given up on moral suasion and diplomacy in favor of bombs and guns, these are our warning signs. When these conditions exist, it is likely that our political leaders have become the agents of a small cadre of individuals who possess vast wealth and property, and are pursuing the aims of securing more wealth for these few individuals and defending their position of wealth and privilege against all threats. Bully worship will only thrive when the will of the few is being imposed forcibly on the many. It will wither away when the will of the people is respected. </div>
Agishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05297300559991439052noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520077770573448711.post-45830459687859290982016-04-09T15:34:00.001-04:002016-04-11T09:33:20.956-04:00On Predicting the Future of Social Security<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">There are some "hard" sciences which rely on quantifiable data and experiments, and "soft" sciences that rel<span style="font-family: inherit;">y on more subjective data. But in <span style="font-family: inherit;">either case, s</span></span>cience depends equally on data and theory.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> And one of the benefits of science is that it <span style="font-family: inherit;">allows us to make predictions about the future.</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">T</span>he Whig science of politics rests on data and
theory.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The guiding theory of the Whigs
has always been this: democratic forms of government are susceptible to
corruption, and when a complacent public allows political leaders and members
of wealthy elites to exchange money and influence amongst themselves, an
oligarchy will emerge.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And an oligarchy
is simply this: a handful of people who have money and influence set the
political agenda, and their private interests supersede the interests of the
majority of Americans. Data in support of this theory aren't always conclu<span style="font-family: inherit;">sive, but it is in many cases strongly suggestive.</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijGNFo_FK-rycBUvSegVtlH12QNhE8C6FQ3p3vinfYNP_06ndnJ_tD9UTC-ITfXhxJvdAq0rhbZqq64r2J27MxLMJsYIvapkn8VWByJp0wWq57LOWfq9GWdTa3hSdXEF7K4QLWLr7fcr0/s1600/morris+reid.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijGNFo_FK-rycBUvSegVtlH12QNhE8C6FQ3p3vinfYNP_06ndnJ_tD9UTC-ITfXhxJvdAq0rhbZqq64r2J27MxLMJsYIvapkn8VWByJp0wWq57LOWfq9GWdTa3hSdXEF7K4QLWLr7fcr0/s1600/morris+reid.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Morris Reid was a senior official in the Clinton administration</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Among American Whigs, the theory of oligarchy goes back to John Adams, James
Madison, Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson, and James Otis, among others.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I won’t expand on the historical references
today.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It suffices to say that the
Founders believed in the predictions generated by the Whig science of politics,
and undertook the American Revolution not so much because of oppressions
already in place, but because of further oppressions they saw looming on the
horizon.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img class="irc_mi" src="http://makethemaccountable.com/myth/images/CoalitionToDefeatSocialSecurity.gif" height="324" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 51px;" width="450" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">During the Bush years, Democrats knew who the "bad guys" were </td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The theory of oligarchy helps the scientist by identifying
avenues of exploration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Presently, I’d
like to apply this theory to the empirical record surrounding Secretary Hillary
Clinton, and I will make a prediction regarding the future of Social Security. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dewey Square Group</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">According to <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Dewey_Square_Group">Source Watch</a>,
“The Dewey Square Group (DSG), founded in Boston in 1993, is a public affairs
firm with specialties in ‘grassroots’ and ‘grasstops’ campaigns, strategic
communications, coalition building, state and local affairs, international
practice, and political campaigns ... In 2005, DSG had unaudited revenues of
$12.5 million and gross assets of $2.9 million.” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Among its leaders are <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jill Alper</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Charles A.
Baker III</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These names will become
important momentarily.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-bEAUozneRIyXdMtCyOlr4_D7i7yKfNi8ThdTNiAe30y0qPAMIjNwskY0KYuUXoIk1nDB7-qIU4SDJAOXnuZrSZ30jR68pnxqk25k2EKq9M_92v3Mut0nsOL9BFEG_beCUswqkVQUCbw/s1600/kiki.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-bEAUozneRIyXdMtCyOlr4_D7i7yKfNi8ThdTNiAe30y0qPAMIjNwskY0KYuUXoIk1nDB7-qIU4SDJAOXnuZrSZ30jR68pnxqk25k2EKq9M_92v3Mut0nsOL9BFEG_beCUswqkVQUCbw/s320/kiki.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">In 2013, members of the Dewey Square Group visited Secretary
Clinton to discuss her political plans.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She had not yet declared her intention to run for president.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They laid out a comprehensive, numbers-driven
assessment of the amounts of money Mrs. Clinton would have to raise, how to put
together field operations, and other pertinent information (<a href="http://www.politico.com/story/2014/01/hillary-clinton-2016-shadow-campaign-101762">Source</a>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPaWFIMQdmq-GBAJm46Kr3iwRXIGDkvDqM6aI93_6d8TO2VAl2Ck7I4bipsT_Zf82H-aBM1KYunME6x52kMZ8RaVmYEx3Sll2ftqPSWUAYNRUKW012r6vFFsS5sCFNwLVpFgj4HqZRvzo/s1600/151030144214-michael-whouley-super-169.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPaWFIMQdmq-GBAJm46Kr3iwRXIGDkvDqM6aI93_6d8TO2VAl2Ck7I4bipsT_Zf82H-aBM1KYunME6x52kMZ8RaVmYEx3Sll2ftqPSWUAYNRUKW012r6vFFsS5sCFNwLVpFgj4HqZRvzo/s320/151030144214-michael-whouley-super-169.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">One of the leading policy objectives championed by the Dewey
Square Group is the reduction of Social Security benefits (<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Dewey_Square_Group">source</a>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This campaign is covert, and masquerades as
an effort to raise public awareness of the dire consequences that will befall
the nation if nothing is done about the federal deficit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mind you, there is no factual connection
between Social Security expenditures and the deficit (or to be precise, if
Social Security was administered the way it was intended, rather than being
used as a “piggy bank” by our representatives in Washington, it would be a
self-funding program – go <a href="http://cepr.net/blogs/beat-the-press/lesson-for-reporters-social-security-does-not-add-to-the-budget-deficit">here</a>
for more detail).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The point here is that
the Dewey Square Group has settled on specious arguments about the federal deficit
to justify targeting Social Security. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGGA4cEJu8o4p9zLlpql7tNb-ayujkInLokay5PU7azrE3j3m8xM_glhEDtUqWtCAf7xeoiK34o-q5uyIvqzfSMj0U0Z8-4fffKT5x3Ief3iEbwDggzJwo4SnJlP2UKhjiqn7m8YLaxjM/s1600/April_INSET_1a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGGA4cEJu8o4p9zLlpql7tNb-ayujkInLokay5PU7azrE3j3m8xM_glhEDtUqWtCAf7xeoiK34o-q5uyIvqzfSMj0U0Z8-4fffKT5x3Ief3iEbwDggzJwo4SnJlP2UKhjiqn7m8YLaxjM/s320/April_INSET_1a.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">T</span>here are obvious reasons why oligarchs wish to end or curtail
Social Security.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Because employers are
required to contribute 6% of employees’ wages to Social Security, Social
Security makes American employees more expensive.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And although the oligarchs have succeeded
brilliantly in removing jobs from the United States and setting up facilities
in low-wage countries, there is still the hope that American labor can be had
more cheaply.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The oligarchs openly admit
that their plan is to systematically reduce American wages (<a href="http://prospect.org/article/how-american-south-drives-low-wage-economy">source</a>).
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They can admit these things without fear
of repercussion because Americans simply aren’t attuned to the relationship
between their agenda and the agenda pursued by our representatives in
Washington. ALSO, t<span style="font-family: inherit;">he simplest solution to funding Social Security consists of eliminating current <span style="font-family: inherit;">tax breaks enjoyed by the wealthiest Americans.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghsZsyMmkwbdJabflwUmOXxCF-x5VCZM4WFLsqdeJMT7A1iM8csS7ftFY1iDnwoMF_0boF_oejbX3-GznyEjyRO0P1qOKeFLlRktG5C5t80pR0_yjGzfJOh-a8l6y796pf09_9_giEnXc/s1600/economix+1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghsZsyMmkwbdJabflwUmOXxCF-x5VCZM4WFLsqdeJMT7A1iM8csS7ftFY1iDnwoMF_0boF_oejbX3-GznyEjyRO0P1qOKeFLlRktG5C5t80pR0_yjGzfJOh-a8l6y796pf09_9_giEnXc/s400/economix+1.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">After Reagan's disastrous borrowing binge, our leaders began borrowing from Social Security</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Secretary Clinton is closely associated with Dewey Square Group.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As already mentioned, their representatives
helped her in planning her White House bid.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In addition, Jill Alper is one of those super-delegates who have agreed
to support Clinton’s nomination regardless of whether or not Clinton receives
the popular vote (as is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_superdelegates,_2016">Minyon
Moore</a>, another Dewey Square employee).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In 2015, Ms. Alper offered up her swank Grosse Pointe home and hosted a
$2,700 per ticket fund-raising event for Secretary Clinton (<a href="http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2015/07/presidential_candidate_hillary.html">source</a>).
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Charles Baker is Clinton's senior
campaign strategist and chief administrative officer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In turn, Secretary Clinton’s Super PACs
Priorities USA Action and Correct the Record have paid considerable sums of
money to Dewey Square for their services (<a href="https://theintercept.com/2016/02/08/hrc-inner-circle-lobbyists/">source</a>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>D<span style="font-family: inherit;">ewey Square has a<span style="font-family: inherit;">lso</span> mobili<span style="font-family: inherit;">zed to <span style="font-family: inherit;">oppose efforts to increase the minimum <span style="font-family: inherit;">wage (<a href="http://www.truthdig.com/eartotheground/item/key_members_of_hillary_clinton_team_lobbied_for_bills_she_now_touts_as_nati">source</a>)</span></span></span></span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Carlyle Group</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Secretary Clinton’s generous compensation for giving talks
at Goldman Sachs has received some attention, but she has also <span style="font-family: inherit;">received </span>money
from the private equity firm the Carlyle Group (<a href="http://www.politico.com/story/2013/08/hillary-clinton-speech-carlyle-group-095763">source</a>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> Her hu<span style="font-family: inherit;">sband Bill has also <span style="font-family: inherit;">received speaking fees from<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>this f<span style="font-family: inherit;">irm (<a href="http://peureport.blogspot.com/2015/11/hillary-clinton-is-wall-street.html">source</a>). </span></span></span></span>The Carlyle Group is also actively involved
in lobbying for reductions to Social Security as well as Medicare (<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Carlyle_Group">source</a>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Evan Bayh, a super-delegate in Clinton’s 2007
campaign, received considerable money from the Carlyle Group (<a href="http://peureport.blogspot.com/2008/04/clintons-savior-is-carlyles-007.html">source</a>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjECQbANsB0efFV3WBs21bZh6sttaAuzHXcV4kDAl8nuDMSJ5jNmHDtgUE40uSRookPFo9U50RpxksXleWccCbs-hp2KxaG-s8YV2HNuIwou8-s26SuGfC0zZJ6XrwcM0g5sKHy_Z4O8gc/s1600/heck.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjECQbANsB0efFV3WBs21bZh6sttaAuzHXcV4kDAl8nuDMSJ5jNmHDtgUE40uSRookPFo9U50RpxksXleWccCbs-hp2KxaG-s8YV2HNuIwou8-s26SuGfC0zZJ6XrwcM0g5sKHy_Z4O8gc/s320/heck.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Blackstone Group</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The assault on Social Security is spearheaded by <b>Pete
Peterson</b> (<a href="http://articles.latimes.com/2012/oct/02/business/la-fi-hiltzik-20121003">source</a>),
a billionaire co-founder of the private equity firm called the Blackstone
Group.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Super-delegates such as Chris
Dodd has received money from the Blackstone Group (<a href="http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2009/04/chris-dodds-personal-bailout">source</a>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The leadership of the Blackstone Group has
thrown its support behind Secretary Clinton’s campaign (<a href="http://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2015-07-16/blackstone-dealmakers-line-up-for-clinton-in-money-race">source</a>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-3SL4oFNVPUrBkLuqmXMYMN22QkYFfs5pUEUBhpqp84sUVRHhQkgy-P9QHPgZ58ap-5B-Uqc6SrlC5tTgljZ6RTl26dbOaOj2vV3si6_jaM0g0kfIOE60O6GYp_NYKQiZSUtuUAgFQB4/s1600/bowles.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-3SL4oFNVPUrBkLuqmXMYMN22QkYFfs5pUEUBhpqp84sUVRHhQkgy-P9QHPgZ58ap-5B-Uqc6SrlC5tTgljZ6RTl26dbOaOj2vV3si6_jaM0g0kfIOE60O6GYp_NYKQiZSUtuUAgFQB4/s400/bowles.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL6DITPlthyphenhyphenonyaP5p1vBNhXgFZPtVwIRHPXwvKj_lmlMWLC784RnZLUPFfg92EDmsEULvgTv1pGswIAJySP2udTHjY81gVG4CAfhl6q8pW4pjbiOujE_EVCNhWUNWCoE3pYk-UjuAp28/s1600/comstock.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">According to the <i>International Business Times</i> (12/16/15), "The president of <b>Blackstone Group</b>, Tony James, hosted a fundraiser for Clinton. The cash flowed to the Clinton campaign just two months after the private-equity giant settled with the Securities and Exchange Commission over charges that it used so-called monitoring fees to enrich the firm at the expense of investors. Clinton accepted the money from executives at the sanctioned firm even as she has criticized the Obama administration for not punishing the perpetrators of financial crime more strenuously (<a href="http://"The president of Blackstone Group, Tony James, hosted a fundraiser for Clinton. The cash flowed to the Clinton campaign just two months after the private-equity giant settled with the Securities and Exchange Commission over charges that it used so-called monitoring fees to enrich the firm at the expense of investors. Clinton accepted the money from executives at the sanctioned firm even as she has criticized the Obama administration for not punishing the perpetrators of financial crime more strenuously."">source</a>)."</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ideology of the 1% </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Going beyond the argument that Social Security makes American labor more
expensive, there is also an ideological objection to Social Security among the
super-wealthy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Super-wealthy individuals
obviously do not pin their retirement hopes on Social Security and, from their
egocentric perspective, regard the program as unnecessary. </span></b></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzCOoM3BufAmCfPbnhwliVJCf_xvZdzEywmwZ-d1ovS90Eg4P2-FLZKa7aQwdE7sIWn-UkHV8GjkOwlPcKXYxf2NGTtpTwDYQXrHRaPIynvbONJeRvLD-Orusgkjsr1da-32uOSArL1eg/s1600/economix+2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzCOoM3BufAmCfPbnhwliVJCf_xvZdzEywmwZ-d1ovS90Eg4P2-FLZKa7aQwdE7sIWn-UkHV8GjkOwlPcKXYxf2NGTtpTwDYQXrHRaPIynvbONJeRvLD-Orusgkjsr1da-32uOSArL1eg/s400/economix+2.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Social Security money was used to make the deficit appear smaller than it was</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Paul Krugman (<a href="http://www.salon.com/2016/01/29/paul_krugman_gets_to_the_heart_of_the_bernie_sandershillary_clinton_divide/"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">of all people</span></a>) has noted that, “</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">while most Americans love Social Security,
the wealthy don’t.</span> Two years ago a pioneering study of the policy
preferences of the very wealthy found many contrasts with the views of the
general public; as you might expect, the rich are politically different from
you and me. But nowhere are they as different as they are on the matter of
Social Security. By a very wide margin, ordinary Americans want to see Social
Security expanded. But by an even wider margin, Americans in the top 1 percent
want to see it cut (<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/17/opinion/republicans-against-retirement.html?_r=0">source</a>).”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It has been empirically demonstrated that
when the policy preferences of the 99% conflict with the preferences of the 1%,
the latter usually come out victorious (<a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/apr/21/americas-oligarchy-not-democracy-or-republic-unive/">source</a>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl88_YE0uaHdC60gLULpKwBLMXQMS3DtHgV8uzrp9uuhKu6VOL83XygHq3-1g8xxt8URqa1vqAOnJPOnnbSbged8Ao3iAa4lyDHLuQAlR9-PCZOSSMPBJ04dk_kFRTWKli59ltt4WzlUs/s1600/220px-Mike_Enzi%252C_official_portrait%252C_111th_Congress.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl88_YE0uaHdC60gLULpKwBLMXQMS3DtHgV8uzrp9uuhKu6VOL83XygHq3-1g8xxt8URqa1vqAOnJPOnnbSbged8Ao3iAa4lyDHLuQAlR9-PCZOSSMPBJ04dk_kFRTWKli59ltt4WzlUs/s320/220px-Mike_Enzi%252C_official_portrait%252C_111th_Congress.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Undermining Social
Security has Already Been Attempted</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">In 2014, President Obama proposed a “chained CPI” formula
for calculating Social Security benefits.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This would have had the effect of reducing benefits.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The plan was dropped in the midst of withering
public opposition (<a href="http://money.cnn.com/2014/02/20/news/economy/obama-social-security-chained-cpi/">source</a>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The idea of using chained CPI to cut costs
was the brainchild of Erskine Bowles, who was once Secretary Clinton’s chief of
staff (<a href="http://www.nakedcapitalism.com/2015/10/hillary-clinton-on-social-security-expansion-words-are-wind-a-cold-wind.html">source</a>).</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeW3At7PF-AjEQ4of7Y0aaJ5T4t-Dabn_bm_jZueNCuKMv3wMCATMh4fhWxXypijm1V2fbVjICTVQxClRjl7OQogLelwqSWncPseKM0iNcJRv2XQu1L8ysdwzXsHiDxDrYgHEJ6QQ9lUc/s1600/economix+3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeW3At7PF-AjEQ4of7Y0aaJ5T4t-Dabn_bm_jZueNCuKMv3wMCATMh4fhWxXypijm1V2fbVjICTVQxClRjl7OQogLelwqSWncPseKM0iNcJRv2XQu1L8ysdwzXsHiDxDrYgHEJ6QQ9lUc/s400/economix+3.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">President Clinton's "surplus" was an accounting trick learned from Bush I </td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">One may reasonably conjecture that Secretary Clinton, who
has lately come to embrace Obama’s approach to governance, will resurrect the
issue in the name of her beloved Pragmatist philosophy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She has already said: <span class="textline"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">“I think that our rising debt levels poses a
national security threat. And it poses a national security threat in two ways.
It undermines our capacity to act in our own interests and it does constrain
us, where constraint may be undesirable. And it also sends a message of
weakness internationally (<a href="http://2016.presidential-candidates.org/Clinton/?on=deficit-debt">source</a>).”</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Clinton has positioned herself as a deficit
hawk (<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2015/07/13/hillary-clintons-claim-that-a-democratic-president-would-have-paid-down-the-national-debt/">source</a>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Also, defenders of Social Security have
observed that her language regarding Social Security is evasive, and does not
make a firm pledge not to cut benefits (<a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/clinton-sanders-social-security_us_56b3f533e4b01d80b245c04e">source</a>). </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Summary</b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Political leaders who receive money from Pete P<span style="font-family: inherit;">eterson, Blackstone,<span style="font-family: inherit;"> or the Carlyle Group <span style="font-family: inherit;">are in many cases outspoken critics of Social Security who make false claims about the program. <span style="font-family: inherit;">Admittedly, t</span>h<span style="font-family: inherit;">ere are also recipients of money from these interests who are staunch defenders of Social Security<span style="font-family: inherit;">. <span style="font-family: inherit;">It is nonetheless reasonable to infer that donations are made in the hope of some return on investment<span style="font-family: inherit;">, and it is clear that <span style="font-family: inherit;">Peterson and the groups just mentioned have been committe<span style="font-family: inherit;">d foes of Social Security and will benefit financially from <span style="font-family: inherit;">changes to Social Security that will adversely i<span style="font-family: inherit;">m<span style="font-family: inherit;">pact most Americans. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">It is also clear that <span style="font-family: inherit;">Blackstone, Dewey Square, and <span style="font-family: inherit;">the Carlyle Group have made substantial <span style="font-family: inherit;">investments <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">in terms of time and m<span style="font-family: inherit;">oney </span>support</span> of </span>Secretary Clinton's presidential bid. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<img class="irc_mi" height="425" src="http://americablog.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Screen-Shot-2012-12-19-at-8.32.36-PM-634x500.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px;" width="539" /><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Democratic Leadership Council (DLC) -- a body of so-called "centrist" democrat<span style="font-family: inherit;">s -- was a<span style="font-family: inherit;">n incubator of policy positions that led to Bill Clinton's <span style="font-family: inherit;">successful rise to the presidency. As <span style="font-family: inherit;">shown </span><a href="http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/33869-hillary-clinton-s-ghosts-a-legacy-of-pushing-the-democratic-party-to-the-right">here</a>, </span></span>the DLC approach shaped Hillary Clinton's policy positions as well<span style="font-family: inherit;">. The DLC</span> now goes under the name <span style="font-family: inherit;">"Third Way" and <span style="font-family: inherit;">in a <a href="http://www.thirdway.org/report/ready-for-the-new-economy">major </a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.thirdway.org/report/ready-for-the-new-economy">policy paper</a> the organization has attac<span style="font-family: inherit;">ked Be<span style="font-family: inherit;">rnie Sanders for suggesting that Social Security ou<span style="font-family: inherit;">ght to be expanded. </span></span></span></span></span></span>Th<span style="font-family: inherit;">ird Way, and DLC before it, adopted a "pro-business" and "small<span style="font-family: inherit;"> government" stance in order to appeal to <span style="font-family: inherit;">moneyed donors. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Prediction</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Should Secretary Clinton become president, Social Security
will become a prominent issue.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She will
either resurrect chained CPI or take the ruinous step of proposing that Social
Security become a “means-tested” program.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This would undermine the broad popular support that the program enjoys
and transform it from social insurance to a welfare program (<a href="http://www.nakedcapitalism.com/2015/10/hillary-clinton-on-social-security-expansion-words-are-wind-a-cold-wind.html">source</a><span style="font-family: inherit;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.dailykos.com/story/2011/2/20/947639/-">source</a>)</span></span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">She might even have the chutzpah to propose using private investments to fund the program. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkQyCBWD0eF-V74lgMx1VY143ojb3lDcu1wFNuUET3iS386FCMvcONbnvTeBUNin2w7lLkwaFmJeKbmRBS5-wTukLy5BcCkTWFME6adMz_9-fNrDM-Q2ArInJN5c8nIgFenhKTWPQOKM0/s1600/altman.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkQyCBWD0eF-V74lgMx1VY143ojb3lDcu1wFNuUET3iS386FCMvcONbnvTeBUNin2w7lLkwaFmJeKbmRBS5-wTukLy5BcCkTWFME6adMz_9-fNrDM-Q2ArInJN5c8nIgFenhKTWPQOKM0/s400/altman.png" width="400" /></a></div>
Agishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05297300559991439052noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520077770573448711.post-24961244931604361242016-03-06T12:22:00.002-05:002016-03-06T19:00:18.093-05:00On the 2016 Election Cycle<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Every four years the American people are persuaded that the
United States faces a choice between a much brighter future and apocalyptic
doom and devastation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Every four years
the American people act accordingly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They become terrified that the other party’s candidate will win the
election, and energized in support of the candidate who represents their own
party.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Given this pattern, it is perhaps
naïve of me to suggest that the 2016 election will likely stand out in history
as singularly important.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
By way of full disclosure, I was born and raised in a deep
blue state and am culturally a liberal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
2008 or so the scales fell from my eyes and I finally recognized the extent of
the corruption and collusion that exists in our nominal two-party system.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And because of this cultural baggage, I can
only say this with great hesitance and trepidation – but it seems to me that rank-and-file
Republicans have shown a greater willingness to adopt their positions in
response to changing political realities than rank-and-file democrats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mr. Trump is demonstrably a carnival barker who cannot be
trusted on a single point.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But what can
we say about the strong support he receives from rank-and-file Republicans?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The easy answer is to dismiss his supporters as
misguided.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But easy answers don’t bring
us very far along the path to understanding. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Let’s consider the fact that the only means available to the
ordinary citizen to express his or her political opinion is the vote. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ordinary citizens can’t form Super-PACs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They aren’t in a position to transform
themselves into pundits with a national audience.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They can’t rely on labor unions to speak on
their behalf.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And a vote is an
inarticulate thing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It can only express
the sentiments “for” or “against.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When Senator Sessions endorsed Mr. Trump, this is what he
had to say: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .6in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in;">
I am thrilled today to offer my endorsement of Donald J.
Trump for President. This election is our last chance to save U.S. sovereignty
and to end the domination of the political establishment over the interests of
working Americans. Trump alone has rejected the donor class, defending
America's jobs and wages from open borders, uncontrolled immigration and the
massive Trans-Pacific Partnership that will cede U.S. authority to foreign
powers. Trump's trade and immigration plans will revitalize our shrinking
middle class, keeping jobs and wealth and income inside the United States of
America. Trump understands that a nation must always place the interests of its
own people first.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mr. Trump is perceived to be a champion of this distinctive
assessment of the current political situation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I won’t spend time demonstrating that the sentiments are insincere,
other than to point out the role of Bush I and Bush II in advancing foreign
trade agreements that have decimated the American working class.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But, as I have said, a vote is an
inarticulate thing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I will suggest,
however, that this assessment is quite accurate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In Mr. Sessions’ statement of Trump’s positions, we see
concerns raised about immigration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Democrats have been taught to reflexively equate criticism of
immigration with the ugly sentiments of racism and xenophobia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But suppose for a moment that immigrant labor
is exploited by large corporations such as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wal-Mart</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And it is.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Shouldn’t that alter the democrats’ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cart
blanche</i> acceptance of immigration as a virtuous thing?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To his credit, Bernie Sanders has raised some
concerns about immigration, but that’s only hurt his standing among democrats. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To his discredit, Mr. Trump has clearly gone
beyond a critique of the impact of immigration on the job market for
native-born Americans, and has encouraged xenophobic sentiment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The more educated and progressive supporters of the Democratic
Party understand that the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is harmful to poor
and working class Americans, and is expressly designed to increase the
political power and wealth of the large multinational corporations that pour vast
sums of money into the coffers of American politicians.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The talk of “undermining American sovereignty”
smacks of old-fashioned conservative paranoia, but TPP does in fact undermine
American sovereignty by ceding U.S. authority to international tribunals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And yet, many democrats appear to be willing
to overlook Mrs. Clinton’s pre-campaign support for TPP and her subsequent
equivocation on the issue.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Now, the reasons for this are fairly obvious.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Democratic Party of today is made up of three
major overlapping constituencies: (1) affluent professionals who don’t need to
worry about losing their jobs or don’t think they need to worry, (2) people who
still believe that the Democrats are the party of FDR and JFK, or who place a
lot of weight on the few issues where Democrats distinguish themselves from
Republicans (God, guns, and gays; reproductive rights), and (3)
African-Americans who still believe that the Democrats are more responsive than
Republicans to their cries for social justice.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
To simplify this further, we may say that some democrats are
informed enough about current events that they would be deeply worried about
their future – if not for the fact that they managed to ensconce themselves in
secure occupational positions and are satisfied that they personally have
nothing to fear from the relentless march of international neoliberalism in its
campaign to eliminate jobs and reduce wages.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They may even profit from it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
is a lamentable but unshakable truth that we tend to see the world through the
lens of our own life circumstances.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Those who are affluent believe that economic conditions are not so bad
and are hopeful of a recovery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Those who
are unemployed, in contrast, will have a very different perspective.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mr. Trump has said that the level of unemployment in the
U.S. is far higher than the official statistics would suggest.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He is correct on this point.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Official employment statistics overlook
people who have been forced to leave the labor force, and labor participation
is in fact at historically low levels.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“One
of the most horrific consequences of high unemployment is that employment is
dispensed as an act of mercy. It’s like it used to be in the war, he who has
the butter scorns the have-nots” (Ignaz Wrobel, a.k.a. Kurt Tucholsky, writing
in 1930).</div>
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<br /></div>
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It is a fact that many African-Americans have been denied
educational opportunities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And as such,
it is not racist or patronizing to suggest that many African-Americans simply
are not equipped to evaluate the merits of the neoliberal policies that have
been advanced by Bill Clinton, the two Bush administrations, and the Obama
administration, and are likely to be further advanced by a Hillary Clinton administration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yet, it has always been African-Americans who
have suffered the most from neoliberalism, as we see when we survey the blasted
ruins of Detroit and Baltimore.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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Let me reiterate that I am not advocating for Mr.
Trump.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He is a mainstream Republican who
has a gift for recognizing what the American people want to hear, and as a human
being he is disturbingly reminiscent of Benito Mussolini – and in fact, Trump
has quoted Mussolini approvingly in his Twitter feed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My aim in this essay has been to understand
his popular appeal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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My point is this: Mr. Trump has raised the profile of certain issues that are important to voters, and they're issues that haven't gotten much attention from the mainstream media in the past.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>And Mrs. Sanders has been saying, with considerably greater sincerity
and credibility, some of the same things.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Americans in increasing numbers are beginning to discern the realities
of globalization and neoliberalism, and the word “oligarchy” is being spoken by
increasing numbers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yet, in throwing
their support behind Mrs. Clinton, democrat-leaning Americans have revealed
themselves to be hindrances to addressing these existential threats to American
freedom and prosperity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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Finally, I will point out that even though extreme contrasts
are being drawn between the politics of Mr. Trump and Mrs. Clinton, they have a
lot in common.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As shown in below, they
both support policies that are detrimental to the environment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They are both militaristic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They are both advocates of walling off the Mexican
border.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They both favor the interests of
Wall Street at the expense of Main Street.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They both talk a good game about Social Security, but we know that folks
on Wall Street are not fans of Social Security. Despite marketing himself as an anti-establishment figure, Mr. Trump is just the opposite. While democrats are able to scoff at Mr. Trump's proposal of building a wall, they ignore the fact that a very similar proposal came from Mrs. Clinton. Democrats, I'd suggest, are far too complacent in their party loyalty. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrosq78cjXL8R7Q-mkDs1LmJBw_Xerxn6v0jAZHCiErhSmjMnrVJP13Y6efGw7knDBSvj4hwCQ0-DiCBmzBplxv9UYsEhWSptjOLEjf7ykIndl-zJQ9BFq_9aYWX-tB525jzQA62a4TZ0/s1600/trump+clinton+comparison.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrosq78cjXL8R7Q-mkDs1LmJBw_Xerxn6v0jAZHCiErhSmjMnrVJP13Y6efGw7knDBSvj4hwCQ0-DiCBmzBplxv9UYsEhWSptjOLEjf7ykIndl-zJQ9BFq_9aYWX-tB525jzQA62a4TZ0/s400/trump+clinton+comparison.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1: </span><a href="http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/latest-mitt-romney-run-president-37392691"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/latest-mitt-romney-run-president-37392691</span></a><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">2: </span><a href="http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2014/09/hillary-clinton-fracking-shale-state-department-chevron"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2014/09/hillary-clinton-fracking-shale-state-department-chevron</span></a><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">3: </span><a href="http://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/28/donald-trump-mexico-going-to-pay-for-wall.html"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">http://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/28/donald-trump-mexico-going-to-pay-for-wall.html</span></a><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">4: </span><a href="http://www.latintimes.com/hillary-clinton-bragging-about-building-border-wall-keeping-out-illegal-immigrants-352631"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">http://www.latintimes.com/hillary-clinton-bragging-about-building-border-wall-keeping-out-illegal-immigrants-352631</span></a><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">5: </span><a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/nov/18/donald-trump-calls-beautiful-safe-zone-syria-refug/"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/nov/18/donald-trump-calls-beautiful-safe-zone-syria-refug/</span></a><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">6: </span><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/20/us/politics/hillary-clinton-syria-islamic-state.html"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/20/us/politics/hillary-clinton-syria-islamic-state.html</span></a><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">7: </span><a href="http://dailycaller.com/2016/03/02/remember-that-time-trump-defended-outsourcing/"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">http://dailycaller.com/2016/03/02/remember-that-time-trump-defended-outsourcing/</span></a><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">8: </span><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/03/04/sanders-campaign-finds-fodder-with-clintons-tv-appearance-in-india-on-outsourcing/"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/03/04/sanders-campaign-finds-fodder-with-clintons-tv-appearance-in-india-on-outsourcing/</span></a><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">9: </span><a href="https://www.donaldjtrump.com/positions/tax-reform"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">https://www.donaldjtrump.com/positions/tax-reform</span></a><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">10: </span><a href="http://www.taxjusticeblog.org/archive/2015/12/hillary_clintons_tax_proposal.php#.VtshU-bkric"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">http://www.taxjusticeblog.org/archive/2015/12/hillary_clintons_tax_proposal.php#.VtshU-bkric</span></a><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">11: </span><a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/03/03/trump-s-planned-parenthood-pivot.html"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/03/03/trump-s-planned-parenthood-pivot.html</span></a><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">12: </span><a href="http://www.politico.com/story/2015/08/hillary-clinton-video-ad-support-planned-parenthood-2016-120949"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">http://www.politico.com/story/2015/08/hillary-clinton-video-ad-support-planned-parenthood-2016-120949</span></a><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">13: <a href="http://www.ontheissues.org/Celeb/Donald_Trump_Crime.htm">http://www.ontheissues.org/Celeb/Donald_Trump_Crime.htm</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">14: </span><a href="http://www.latimes.com/opinion/opinion-la/la-ol-clinton-sanders-presidential-debate-death-penalty-20160205-story.html"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">http://www.latimes.com/opinion/opinion-la/la-ol-clinton-sanders-presidential-debate-death-penalty-20160205-story.html</span></a><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">15: <a href="http://www.cnbc.com/2015/11/16/donald-trump-we-should-attack-terrorist-oil-bank-resources.html">http://www.cnbc.com/2015/11/16/donald-trump-we-should-attack-terrorist-oil-bank-resources.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">16: </span><a href="http://time.com/4120295/hillary-clinton-foreign-policy-isis/"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">http://time.com/4120295/hillary-clinton-foreign-policy-isis/</span></a><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">17: <a href="http://www.cbsnews.com/news/where-the-candidates-stand-on-social-security/">http://www.cbsnews.com/news/where-the-candidates-stand-on-social-security/</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">18: <a href="http://www.publicintegrity.org/2014/01/21/14140/hillary-clinton-citizens-united-candidate">http://www.publicintegrity.org/2014/01/21/14140/hillary-clinton-citizens-united-candidate</a></span></div>
<br />
<br />Agishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05297300559991439052noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520077770573448711.post-73348875445289502642015-11-22T13:51:00.002-05:002015-11-22T13:52:26.674-05:00On Anti-Racism<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Taking note of the uptick in race-related activism at the
University of Missouri and elsewhere, and still indignant over the
extrajudicial murders of blacks by police officers, I finally opened a book
that had been queued up on my nightstand for a while now: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The New Jim Crow</i>, by Michelle Alexander.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s a better book than I’d expected (call me
a cynic); and because of its many virtues, I will excuse the fact that the
author has a bit of a skewed perspective on the Founding Fathers. I’m going to
use this space to discuss the book briefly before moving on to what I consider
to be a troubling conflation of laudable anti-racism efforts with a
meretricious politics of diversity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ms. Alexander offers a very compelling insight into the politics
of the period immediately following the Civil War.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She points out that three factions emerged:</div>
<br />
<ol>
<li><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Liberals</b>,
who said a lot of high-minded things about how a nation built on the principle
of equality must take an active role in elevating African Americans, but
weren’t quite so committed to the cause as to champion the kinds of legislation
that were needed to address the problem,</li>
<li><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Conservatives</b>,
who pursued a racist ideology on the behalf of a “planter elite” and other
oligarchs who were determined to re-create a submissive and disempowered
workforce after the end of slavery,</li>
<li><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Populists</b>,
who felt that former slaves and disenfranchised whites had common cause and
ought to work together to create a more just nation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The cause?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Overturning the excessive influence of the oligarchs and preventing said
oligarchs from restricting the supply of jobs and denying working people a
living wage. </li>
</ol>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ms. Alexander points to evidence that the conservatives were
terrified of the populists and soon settled on a strategy of aggravating racial
divisions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This strategy worked
brilliantly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Poor whites, instead of
blaming the oligarchs, started blaming black people for social ills such as
poverty, unemployment, and crime.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
lays down a pattern that has lasted to this day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Although many in the African American community have
displayed servile loyalty to the Democratic Party, as Ms. Alexander
demonstrates, it was Bill Clinton who set in motion “three strikes” laws and
other criminal justice policies that contributed to the phenomenon of
racialized mass incarceration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mr.
Clinton was very eager to demonstrate that no Republican could ever accuse him
of being soft on crime.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Or, in other
words, he chose crime as an issue to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">triangulate</b>
– to deny the Republicans’ advantage in the popular imagination as the law and
order party – even if it meant sacrificing the African American community.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAXPMm7BFa_V7my5pEAkzUd3euPBBW817A-fQoe3RjDIkxO5ojqlzqrzh6F-xHFkZwXo0lOAo7PvGGtOc22HCENqERCgVB19bLgSm8AzI5QnDqSRl5JlDXqbHjbCNxqKUS7J7ZL-bMzuA/s1600/Michelle+Alexander.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAXPMm7BFa_V7my5pEAkzUd3euPBBW817A-fQoe3RjDIkxO5ojqlzqrzh6F-xHFkZwXo0lOAo7PvGGtOc22HCENqERCgVB19bLgSm8AzI5QnDqSRl5JlDXqbHjbCNxqKUS7J7ZL-bMzuA/s320/Michelle+Alexander.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>I will suggest that the Clinton administration marks the
beginning of an ever-widening separation between liberals’ and democrats’
professed concern for racial justice and the racist impact of policies and
practices that liberals and democrats have allowed to go unchallenged.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What we see today is the poisonous fruit of
the Clinton administration: a society of people who overflow with self-satisfaction
whenever they tweet “black lives matter” but are blissfully oblivious to their
complicity in a system that is rigged against economically marginalized people
of color. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I won’t review the evidence of a “racist impact” of U.S.
policies and practices at length, other than to refer the reader to a report
which shows, among other things, that 1 out of every 9 African American male
between the ages of 20 and 34 is incarcerated (<a href="http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/reports/0001/01/01/one-in-100">SOURCE</a>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And I will add that the reasons for this have
very little to do with racial differences in criminal involvement, and have a
great deal to do with the cumulative effect of subtle and not-so-subtle racial bias
in who gets pulled over by cops, who gets asked to step outside the car, who
inspires the officer to place a trembling hand on his or her weapon, who gets
arrested, who gets inadequate legal representation, who gets sentenced to a
term of incarceration, who runs afoul of mandatory minimum sentences, and who
gets denied parole.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And it has a great
deal to do with racially-motivated bias in which pedestrians are asked to
submit to a stop-and-frisk.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To the
extent that African Americans are involved in crime, one may consider the
racial factors that determine which Americans are segregated into our decaying
urban centers to face both a constant danger of becoming a victim of crime and
a constant uphill battle to find legitimate employment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>People of any race who are trapped in those
communities are more likely to fall into a life of crime. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Politics of Diversity</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The true extent of the impact of racist policies and
practices can only be felt if one visits communities such as Detroit, St.
Louis, or Baltimore.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One may see first-hand
the meaning behind statistics showing that 28% of all African Americans and
more than half of all African American families experience poverty (<a href="http://blackdemographics.com/households/poverty/">SOURCE</a>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One may see first-hand what people with short
life expectancies and no upward social mobility look like.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And with this imagery in mind, let’s turn to
college campuses across America where well-fed, privileged students are
exercised about the fact that they are victims of “everyday racism” and
“micro-aggressions.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
These students are the beneficiaries of what Michelle
Alexander refers to as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">trickle-down theory of affirmative action</i></b>:
or the implicit belief that by providing a chosen few people of color with
special advantages, we may eventually solve the problem of systemic
racism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most of them grew up in
middle-class or upper-class homes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They
are adolescents, and as adolescents are wont to do, they hew to the belief that
their special gifts aren’t fully appreciated by others.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And because they haven’t completely cut their
apron strings yet, they want other people to take care of them.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
These students have been indoctrinated by professors who may
themselves be beneficiaries of affirmative action or may themselves have been
indoctrinated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They have been brought to
the firmly-held conviction that, if they hear the n-word or if others falsely
presume that they enjoy listening to Luther Vandross, it will trigger a traumatic
psychological response that will cripple them emotionally and blight their
future prospects.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Armed with this
conviction, they do not hesitate to roll up their sleeves and take an active
role in dismantling the First Amendment right of free expression.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They are alert for any sign of heterodoxy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They demand the termination of faculty
members and administrators who do not share their ideology.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Diversity ideology is something to be feared and resisted
for the following reasons (1) it falsely assumes that the problem of systemic
racial injustice is attributable primarily to the fact that there are white
people who have not fully embraced this ideology, (2) it sets up a regime of
harsh sanctions – such as loss of employment – directed toward individuals who
do not conform to the ideology, (3) it has a chilling effect on the free
exchange of ideas, (4) it shifts attention from certain important root causes
of systemic racial injustice such as the de-industrialization of the American
economy and unequal protection under the law, and most importantly, (5) it
maintains a system of social control that is inimical to the welfare of a vast
number of marginalized Americans.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
To explain this system of social control, I will introduce
an illustrative historical example.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
the former Soviet Union, political leaders encouraged ordinary citizens to
write denunciations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A denunciation is a
letter addressed to the police, and a citizen would write a letter if he or she
observed a co-worker or neighbor of saying things that were contrary to communist
ideology.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These denunciations were
investigated and many citizens lost their jobs or faced imprisonment as a
result.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As scholars have pointed out,
the institutionalization of the practice of denunciation caused ordinary
citizens to be frightened of one another, caused citizens to engage in
self-censorship, and more insidiously, diverted popular attention from the true
nature of the society in which they lived.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The citizens who wrote denunciations apparently believed that the
problems that their country faced could be solved if only ideologically impure persons
could be purged from society.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Having
arrived at this interpretation, they did not pause to think about the hidden
class system that existed in the Soviet Union, and did not reflect on the significance
of the fact that Soviet oligarchs enjoyed wealth beyond the wildest dreams of
Croesus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The net effect was a society of individuals who were
suspicious of one another and policed one another.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now, if the common people felt at ease
sharing their true thoughts, and through conversation arrived at a truer
understanding of the nature of the society in which they lived, this would pose
an existential threat to the Soviet Union.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>For several decades, this system of social control operated well and
helped maintain the status quo.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I suggest that we, the American people, currently live in an
oligarchy and that a powerful class system exists.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nearly half of the American people are
economically disadvantaged and are disenfranchised from the political process.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If certain injustices fall disproportionately
on people of color, it is largely because of the class system.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I do not deny that racist attitudes also play
a part, but as Michelle Alexander points out, racist attitudes have been
actively encouraged by the ruling oligarchs, and is part of their deliberate
strategy to turn disadvantaged whites and disadvantaged people of color against
each other.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If this is true – if racial
divisiveness has been foisted on the American people by the ruling class – let
us apply this insight to the ideology of diversity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Who benefits the most from this
ideology?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A few privileged people of
color, the ones who have been chosen under the trickle-down system to
demonstrate that it is still possible for any American to enjoy upward social
mobility, benefit from it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But the
people who benefit the most from this ideology are the ones who want the vast
legions of the poor to continue to be ignored.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> Perhaps it's time to return to populism. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></div>
Agishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05297300559991439052noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520077770573448711.post-28379292351790468522015-09-11T12:48:00.002-04:002015-09-11T12:48:22.511-04:00Remembering 9/11/2001 in 2015 <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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The events of 9/11/2001 revealed two unalterable facts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first of these is the fact that the
American people are capable of demonstrating a truly inspiring level of
solidarity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This lesson may be lost on
those who aren’t old enough to remember 9/11, and didn’t witness first-hand the
falling away of prejudices that have long divided Americans.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It didn’t matter if a victim of the terrorist
atrocity was black or brown, rich or poor, documented or undocumented; our
hearts went out to their families.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We shed
tears for people we didn’t know personally. </div>
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<br /></div>
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The second unalterable fact is that fire fighters and police
officers are heroes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On 9/11, 343 fire
fighters and 60 police officers gave their lives to protect others, fully
knowing the risks to themselves.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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Yet, a young African American male who has an encounter with
a police officer probably won’t be thinking about the heroism of those who gave
their lives on 9/11.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Instead, he will be
afraid for his life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggAT2DRscS3WxFOVls1TBCYlHCHmQrb0B7VcGaeWzL2ecPCeqNe7EqcQ1LMY2btIEkmYm7y0axFVRn0guabfX3FrEGSd1b9B9wlWsclLZJVqj_LT5tKXLmAtCChuXQ9GdM809VJJWbfoA/s1600/the_runaway_by_norman_rockwell-400x513.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggAT2DRscS3WxFOVls1TBCYlHCHmQrb0B7VcGaeWzL2ecPCeqNe7EqcQ1LMY2btIEkmYm7y0axFVRn0guabfX3FrEGSd1b9B9wlWsclLZJVqj_LT5tKXLmAtCChuXQ9GdM809VJJWbfoA/s320/the_runaway_by_norman_rockwell-400x513.jpg" width="249" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Having power, but applying compassion</td></tr>
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<br /></div>
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The casual brutality of police officers toward African
Americans is something that members of the African American community have been
forced to accept for a long time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Owing
to the ease with which cellphone videos can be shared over the Internet, the
problem has only recently been brought home for the rest of us.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some of these videos show that when a police
officer confronts an unarmed African American male (and sometimes, a woman or
child), it only takes a few seconds for the encounter to go horribly
wrong.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not enough time for the officer
to employ negotiation or de-escalation strategies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not enough time for the civilian to take
stock of the gravity of the situation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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One could argue that, on the anniversary of 9/11, it is most
appropriate to focus one’s thoughts and prayers on the heroes who gave their
lives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But one could also argue that, by
way of honoring the police officers who died, we should resolve to stand firm
in our conviction that no police officer should be allowed to discredit the
badge. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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What Lincoln said at Gettysburg applies equally well at
Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan: </div>
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<br /></div>
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The world will little note, nor long remember what we say
here, but it can never forget what <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">they</b>
did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the
unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It
is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us – that
from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they
gave the last full measure of devotion – that we here highly resolve that these
dead shall not have died in vain – that this nation, under God, shall have a
new birth of freedom – and that government of the people, by the people, for
the people, shall not perish from the earth. </div>
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The forgotten foundation of American government is
solidarity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Solidarity depends on making
no distinction between Americans on the basis of race or religion, nor on the
basis of private beliefs and behaviors.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Solidarity depends on a shared commitment to the idea that life, liberty,
and property ought to be defended, and that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">by “property” we mean the rule of law</b>: because it is the law that
determines whether there is a right to ownership of land or other possessions, the
law that determines whether there is a right to due process, and the law that
determines whether disputes can be settled peacefully.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The law is only a frail piece of paper unless
the people agree to keep faith with it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
Agishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05297300559991439052noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520077770573448711.post-85089210553145194852015-06-25T12:08:00.001-04:002016-04-13T00:45:03.066-04:00Remembering George Orwell's Birthday, 2015.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
It is customary at <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
New Independent Whig</i> to honor George Orwell’s birthday by revewing the
extent to which Mr. Orwell’s vision has come to pass. This year’s essay will
devote some space to mass surveillance before turning to the main topic, being
the problem of oligarchy. This is a suitably Orwellian topic, as the political regime described in Orwell’s beloved book <b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">1984</i></b> took the form of an oligarchy. This essay won't be a mere
recitation of society’s ills; some practical steps
will be offered on how to fight back against oligarchy.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Baltimore</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Last month, it was <a href="http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/crime/blog/bal-fbi-admits-providing-air-support-to-baltimore-police-during-freddie-gray-unrest-20150506-story.html">reported </a>that those low-flying planes
observed by Baltimore residents during the recent unrest were owned and
operated by the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Federal Bureau of
Investigation</i>. Each of these airplanes was loaded with a high-tech arsenal
of surveillance devices including the infamous <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Stingray</i>. Briefly, this is an electronic device that imitates a
cellphone tower: that is, it receives all cellphone communications and
discretely passes them on. A <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Stingray</i>
is capable of capturing and recording all cellphone calls within its radius.
This is mass surveillance. This practice is <a href="http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2015/1/is-the-cell-phone-in-your-pocket-public-or-private.html">illegal</a>. The FBI does it anyway.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR7UZYZFGe8_S_aADbff9aSwS0AXneqZZbqckdm1ap-sozkqisU9ECxVk45d3BqzjnxTIUa4BZ3AfrXJFmBV3EzT4aEivpev72gjpMSNu97Owrz90q6tepDkJTLsWYBvOE_r7RhZrVdxM/s1600/reveley-panopticon-496.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR7UZYZFGe8_S_aADbff9aSwS0AXneqZZbqckdm1ap-sozkqisU9ECxVk45d3BqzjnxTIUa4BZ3AfrXJFmBV3EzT4aEivpev72gjpMSNu97Owrz90q6tepDkJTLsWYBvOE_r7RhZrVdxM/s400/reveley-panopticon-496.jpg" width="342" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The American people wouldn't know that federal agencies have been using Stingrays <b><i>for several years now</i></b>, had it not
been for <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/how-daniel-rigmaiden-discovered-stingray-spying-technology-2015-6">Daniel
Rigmaiden</a>. Before his arrest, Mr.
Rigmaiden was a
tax-fraud, filing returns for dead people, choosing to remain (as he believed) “off
the grid.” When he was apprehended, he became obsessed with finding out how the
authorities managed to do it<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"></i>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Now, one could say that only people who have something to
hide need to be protective of their privacy. The case of Mr. Rigmaiden might be
viewed in this light. Yet, once he revealed that federal agencies were using
this technology, journalists and civil libertarians soon discovered that
federal agencies have been routinely ignoring Americans' constitutional right NOT to be kept under surveillance unless they are suspected of a crime AND a specific warrant has been issued by a judge.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The FBI cannot truthfully claim that it has nothing to hide. And
until the people who hold power can live up to that standard, ordinary folk
would be well-advised to defend their privacy.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Oligarchical
Collectivism</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">1984</i>, there is a text bearing the title <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism</i>. It was the blueprint, so to speak, of the totalitarian society described in the novel. The term signifies “rule by a few,” and “the few” are
typically composed of astoundingly wealthy individuals who use their wealth to
acquire political influence and use political influence to acquire more wealth. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Orwell provided some detail on the structure of this
oligarchy, as depicted in the image below. As you see, a vanishingly small
percentage of the population enjoy outsized benefits and influence. A somewhat
larger percentage benefit a little. But the large majority, about 85%, are
“proles.” They lead dreary lives working long hours at unpleasant jobs with
little security to receive low wages. </div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigC2VLz75SMAs8CwKfqgaxXuhN4USEU3W8Rb-eshdfCvebcI8L1FGC-4WVRbssvZyUqs7fEpoQfT5l6KC5tqhS2wLfRHeS5GMi2I0krfLmvO1qvvz3Pi3KW7KAfWLJJSv8FhBrpmhQoSM/s1600/oligarchical+collectivism.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigC2VLz75SMAs8CwKfqgaxXuhN4USEU3W8Rb-eshdfCvebcI8L1FGC-4WVRbssvZyUqs7fEpoQfT5l6KC5tqhS2wLfRHeS5GMi2I0krfLmvO1qvvz3Pi3KW7KAfWLJJSv8FhBrpmhQoSM/s320/oligarchical+collectivism.jpg" width="307" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Orwell's Dystopian Vision</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Oligarchical
Individualism (Corporatism)</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
American society can hardly be accused of being
collectivist. We Americans are fiercely individualistic and still believe in
the myth of the Self-Made Man who pulls himself up by his own bootstraps and
eventually, after facing various hardships, swaggers past the white picket
fence and realizes the <b>American Dream</b>. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Because of this cultural heritage, we are a little too quick
to blame people if it appears that they aren’t trying hard enough to make their
own way in society. Also because of this cultural heritage, we have a hard time
blaming people for being rich. And it is true, not everyone who becomes rich is
blameworthy. The problem is that we often fail to distinguish between (1)
persons who achieve wealth honestly by their own hard work and (2) persons who are
born into wealth and commit all manners of fraud and deceit to enlarge it.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHO_u2C7cFFdHowruZrVdp9dVIN6uVNF7itA_YeltxM5XCfovrSyPrILeQGpP1N7_VvnQzz_H7zZfa3LC95hRs0ErMj0eWXPhFdcWutz8rOR_Zari_R5PykHd5QH47OZU3vfTbuZqg54E/s1600/oligarchy+ind.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHO_u2C7cFFdHowruZrVdp9dVIN6uVNF7itA_YeltxM5XCfovrSyPrILeQGpP1N7_VvnQzz_H7zZfa3LC95hRs0ErMj0eWXPhFdcWutz8rOR_Zari_R5PykHd5QH47OZU3vfTbuZqg54E/s400/oligarchy+ind.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">American Oligarchy</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
</div>
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Perhaps the most dangerous consequence of our shared belief in the American Dream is that this dream breeds complacency among
members of the Middle Class. Once a person achieves a good-paying job with
prospects for advancement, he or she is liable to believe, “I can rest easy
now.” It’s very seductive, this idea that one no longer needs to struggle or
feel anxious about the future.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
However, on closer consideration, we know that many people
who consider themselves safe against bitter hardship are mistaken. All it takes
is a lay-off, or a divorce, or an expensive medical condition. As we saw at the
start of the Great Depression of 2007, the frauds and deceits of great
financial firms can cause countless hard-working Americans to suddenly lose
their homes or their retirement savings. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As Orwell points out in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">1984</i>,
one of the cardinal features of an entrenched oligarchy is its ability to
prevent the populace from seeing the obvious. The American oligarchy has been
largely successful in concealing the following facts:</div>
<ol>
<li><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span>the prevailing political order is oligarchic; </li>
<li><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>the sole purpose of the oligarchy is to
accumulate wealth more efficiently into the hands of the oligarchs;</li>
<li>the result of oligarchy is the impoverishment of
society as a whole (i.e., high unemployment, reduced wages, reduced public expenditures, deterioration of infrastructure).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
</ol>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
Granted, it is difficult to recognize American oligarchy
unless one has already become attentive to the true extent of the devastation
that corruption has wrought on American politics and is willing to question
one’s party loyalty. Let us say that a piece of legislation is passed <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">which enriches a small handful of wealthy
individuals and impoverishes a great many Americans. </b>Members of the Middle
Class might think “it is because we live in a two-party system” (i.e., a
democrat will blame republicans and vice versa). But they do not notice that
these pieces of legislation are passed with bipartisan support. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxiikaOxAx7mhxol6qvN1t0YPnrgpkg3ck9z7aId-UODQ8tnOum5a7o596-AIKlDJ_1Wbjuswn9W79j4AGiZ05sR5pwFeaLIoTENbys8PtJYAsJtIle5hwvX4MmW5Sfd79JZ58W2UCArU/s1600/www.usnews.com.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxiikaOxAx7mhxol6qvN1t0YPnrgpkg3ck9z7aId-UODQ8tnOum5a7o596-AIKlDJ_1Wbjuswn9W79j4AGiZ05sR5pwFeaLIoTENbys8PtJYAsJtIle5hwvX4MmW5Sfd79JZ58W2UCArU/s400/www.usnews.com.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Members of the Middle Class might see these pieces of
legislation and think, “If it benefits the heads of large corporations it will
also benefit me.” In this instance, they are simply failing to understand that
they are, in the eyes of the oligarchs, a resource that has yet to be fully exploited. Below are a couple of examples of policy positions and agendas that <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">benefit a few and harm the many, but nonetheless enjoy the support of elected political leaders from both political parties. </span><br />
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Example 1. Cutting Social Security</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after: avoid;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Social Security has very strong support among American
voters – 89% of Americans believe that the program is more important than ever
(<a href="https://www.nasi.org/learn/social-security/public-opinions-social-security">source</a>).
Back in the day, politicians competed against one another to convince voters
that they, and not the fellow on the other side of the aisle, would to more to
protect Social Security. Nowadays, however, there is talk of making cuts. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In their quest to accumulate wealth more efficiently, oligarchs
have long fretted over the fact that the cost of employing an American worker
is increased by 6.2% because, by law, this is the employer’s contribution to
Social Security. Accordingly, corporations have invested in creating lobbying
groups such as <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Fix_the_Debt%27s_Leadership">Fix the
Debt</a> to promulgate the false claim that Social Security contributes to the
federal deficit (it <a href="http://www.cepr.net/blogs/beat-the-press/lesson-for-reporters-social-security-does-not-add-to-the-budget-deficit">DOES
NOT</a>). In 2014, President Obama floated the idea of cutting Social Security
benefits, but he might have realized that the timing of his move was less than
ideal and dropped the matter (<a href="http://money.cnn.com/2014/02/20/news/economy/obama-social-security-chained-cpi/">source</a>).
The idea hasn’t gone away, though. During her last bid for president, Mrs.
Clinton was of the opinion that Social Security cuts are necessary (<a href="http://www.ontheissues.org/2008/Hillary_Clinton_Social_Security.htm">source</a>).
And more troublingly, her current financial backers are of the opinion that
cuts are necessary (<a href="http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/05/hillary-clinton-goldman-sachs-private-equity-white-house-2016">source</a>).<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Example 2. “In-Sourcing”
Low-Cost Foreign Labor</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As reported in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Atlantic</i>, “Last October, 250 IT employees at Walt Disney Parks and Resorts
in Florida were told that they would be laid off as part of a reorganization.
Many were surprised. And then there was another unpleasant surprise: They would
be replaced by IT workers from India, whom they would train to do their jobs in
order to receive severance (<a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/06/disney-h1b-visas-immigration-layoffs/396149/">source</a>).”
Now, one might argue that Disney is free to hire and fire as they please, but
the pertinent fact here is that Disney exploiting the H-1B visa program. Our
elected leaders have created a mechanism for replacing American workers with
lower-cost foreign workers. This clearly HARMS many and BENEFITS only a few –
namely, corporate CEOs and stockholders. When the story broke, it raised
predictable complaints among left-wing news outlets but interestingly enough,
it angered conservatives as well (<a href="http://www.redstate.com/2015/05/05/h1b-visas-magical-outsourcing-disney/">source</a>).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Example 3.
Trans-Pacific Partnership</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Unlike schemes to schemes to cut Social Security, TPP has
some popular support (despite its recent setbacks in the House of Representatives).
Then again, a recent polled showed that "78% of respondents said they knew 'not much' or 'nothing at all' about it (<a href="http://www.newrepublic.com/article/121989/trans-pacific-partnership-divides-left-dems-support-free-trade">source</a>). And in addition, politicians have been dishonest in
touting the virtues of TPP, according to some critics who lean left politically (<a href="http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2015/5/tpp-runs-into-trouble-thanks-to-public-interest.html">source</a>) and some on who lean right (<a href="http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2015/06/11/jeff-sessions-issues-final-critical-alert-obamatrade-just-like-amnesty-obamacare/">source</a>). We may then ask ourselves, first, would TPP have popular support if the
American people were told the truth? And secondly, we may ask why it is that
our political leaders are lying to us?</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQpJtDOcUD_ZDltY-axMa6mqOkFtzbSNIT2ihvqx8IsZq9bxctR2XLqv89ABx2jlS2uOX1PCfoyq6elevi8tMyOwmUobvD2TO1BRJqKR8YOOn2p3EbRAl94LDbfNWVOy3MvDhONBasoZ4/s1600/bank+help+me.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQpJtDOcUD_ZDltY-axMa6mqOkFtzbSNIT2ihvqx8IsZq9bxctR2XLqv89ABx2jlS2uOX1PCfoyq6elevi8tMyOwmUobvD2TO1BRJqKR8YOOn2p3EbRAl94LDbfNWVOy3MvDhONBasoZ4/s400/bank+help+me.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Banks and multinationals regularly ask for help. And get it.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<b>A Short "Is this an Oligarchy?" Quiz</b><br />
<br />
Thus far, I've suggested that the U.S. is an oligarchy because our elected leaders appear to prioritize the preferences of a few over the needs of the many. But there is another way to approach this line of reasoning. Back in the 1970s, scholars looked at the former U.S.S.R. and tried to predict the future. They were pretty sure that the U.S.S.R. would collapse (it did). But they also predicted that the U.S.A. would eventually assume some of the key distinguishing oligarchical features of the U.S.S.R. The interested reader can refer to Donald Kelley's 1973 article, <i>The Soviet Debate on the Convergence of the American & Soviet Systems</i>. The quotes in bold are his.<br />
<br />
<b><i>Item 1: "a gradual shift from the industrial to the service sector of the economy." </i></b>In 1970, 46.1% of employment was in services; in 2010, the percentage has increased to 84% (<a href="http://www.ftpress.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2095734&seqNum=3">source</a>). So far so good.<br />
<br />
<b><i>Item 2: "increasing concentration of economic power into a few firms or monopolies."</i></b> It has been reported that "nearly every American industry has become more concentrated and consolidated since the 1980s, such that dominance by two or three firms 'is not the exception in the United States, but increasingly the rule.' Consumers, easily misled by product labelling, often don’t even notice that products like sunglasses, pet food, or numerous others come from just a few giants. For example, while drugstores seem to offer unlimited choices in toothpaste, just two firms, Procter & Gamble and Colgate-Palmolive, control more than 80% of the market (<a href="http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/the-oligopoly-problem">source</a>)."<br />
<br />
It may go without saying, but the dominance of only a few firms (oligopoly) is something that does not happen in a vacuum. Instead, the federal government favors some firms over others, and these advantaged firms use their clout to dominate the marketplace (<a href="http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/the-oligopoly-problem">source</a>). <br />
<br />
<b><i>Item 3: "an increasing governmental role in the economy in a planning and supervisory capacity." </i></b>The TPP draft document is several hundred pages long, and covers a wide range of intellectual property agreements that have been carefully designed to benefit a handful of American multinational corporations.<br />
<br />
<b><i>Item 4: "high levels of mass consumption for all social strata." </i></b>This creates the illusion of a classless society. After all, it's our own fault for being heavily in debt, right?<br />
<br />
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<b><i>Item 5: "an emphasis on 'mass culture' and 'equalitarianism' rather than class- or value-related ideologies as determinants of positive goals."</i></b> This item is perhaps the most thought-provoking of them all. Here, "equalitarianism" may be understood as a manifestation of envy, leading to a preoccupation with quantifying differences in the level of privilege enjoyed by one category of human beings as opposed to another. There are authors who produce a lot of words on the subject of privilege without once mentioning the massive upward redistribution of wealth that is currently taking place in our society. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMiwoZSblew57HqiksZh7L6NUGvnRYzHwmI5FIhWLqkRwkVhY5hGit2fgFBWgT8YZEfpoiy7Eq04DWWmeZnLb55qMqPYsU-nrRD20yLPMYlf3IePUxjLAlltTCG_VTYRHJNHBssmfuSWU/s1600/FortuneSherylSandbergCover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMiwoZSblew57HqiksZh7L6NUGvnRYzHwmI5FIhWLqkRwkVhY5hGit2fgFBWgT8YZEfpoiy7Eq04DWWmeZnLb55qMqPYsU-nrRD20yLPMYlf3IePUxjLAlltTCG_VTYRHJNHBssmfuSWU/s400/FortuneSherylSandbergCover.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Oligarchs aren't solely comprised of white men.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lessons from Poland</b></div>
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Poland’s <b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Solidarity</i>
</b>movement sprang up after the country found itself in the orbit of the U.S.S.R.
One member of the movement understood that Poland had
become an oligarchy. Adam Michnik looked at the political leadership and said,
“These people would be capable of bankrupting a country much more prosperous
than ours and then calling their actions an economic miracle.” Jack Bloom,
another observer of the situation in Poland, sees oligarchy as a highly-developed <b>patronage system</b>, where vast amounts of wealth are required simply to maintain the system
of bribery that make oligarchy possible. In Poland, “Poverty was ... a result
of the patronage system: the substantial resources that it required were
literally stolen from the general population.” It reached the point where, “there
was a lack of [public] investment in … infrastructure -- such as sewers, water,
electricity and roads.”<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpWzM5BJ2sFSAhtNFVPR1_KuupjLqYleRwmrj5bQBsyaL0AJETWCdGELB_mP_aH74nKTsezGML6uztpMOZ9ECnrEvR1JgzUzryqgIkt1LhoZI8ugkmQ9nn6uDj-kydG4BnL9nQKgzbXPM/s1600/FOTO+02+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpWzM5BJ2sFSAhtNFVPR1_KuupjLqYleRwmrj5bQBsyaL0AJETWCdGELB_mP_aH74nKTsezGML6uztpMOZ9ECnrEvR1JgzUzryqgIkt1LhoZI8ugkmQ9nn6uDj-kydG4BnL9nQKgzbXPM/s400/FOTO+02+%25282%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7WyCUyWpI3hvwbgvnO5hcrIuSixJ1S6Q2aT85rvA99bU1Uhq_NbfCaZDEBQPFG4ib6xKZXzaGj3v_6UjeYcMvRHPbLV-UY_zE8lpchqTEJdL97dOE2P1RcfkKm3BlcLifpYItMPaSMmE/s1600/lech-walesa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>Mr. Michnik offers a useful diagnosis of the means by which
oligarchies extend control over a population. For each of these means of social
control, there are counter-measures that ordinary citizens may take to wrest
control back from the oligarchy. </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Step 1: Isolation.</i></b> The dystopian regime presented in <i>1984 </i>is described at one point as <b>"the age of solitude."</b> Individual citizens are distrustful of one another and there is no hope of individuals banding together to advance a reform agenda. Mr. Michnik tells us that, in the Polish oligarchy, “Workers’
organizations were dissolved … [and] the working class was transformed into an
amorphous, apathetic mass devoid of political consciousness. From then on, the
government had to deal with individuals and not with organizations.” Mr.
Michnik goes on to describe the situation in Poland as one in which “political
consciousness” ceased to exist. The rise of the labor union <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Solidarity</i> and increased political
consciousness among the Poles went hand-in-hand. </div>
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Now, on the matter of “loss of political consciousness,” it
isn’t difficult to make the case that this has happened in America. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Time</i> magazine and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Newsweek</i> are all but absent from the racks at grocery stores’
check-out lines – crowded out by numerous tabloids each offering a slightly
different take on the same celebrity rumors, and newspapers are becoming
increasingly financially unsustainable. Cable news hardly counts as news.
Controversies are stirred up and disappear when people tire of them. But what is learned? What actually changes?</div>
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The importance of labor unions is controversial because, in
the United States, unions have a deservedly bad reputation. The conservative
pundit Nicholas Kristof sums it up well: “I disdained unions as bringing
corruption, nepotism and rigid work rules to the labor market, impeding the
economic growth that ultimately makes a country strong (<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/19/opinion/nicholas-kristof-the-cost-of-a-decline-in-unions.html?_r=0">source</a>).”
Yet, Mr. Kristof has reconsidered his view. He observes that the number of union-represented
Americans has decreased and inequality of income has increased.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieCqqgAgL1FGelzmJj8kkgZkRmM1FShyphenhyphenycpesytJ6twQOAJwtWQwpVH8gJkNnb_574MmteQF4X_RNzJCdpiUCqgrdJWPPQ5saSXaPzaezx5FpSEfmkbubgGdnVy9-NMmAT7iDNEw-fN6U/s1600/UnionsColumn-2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieCqqgAgL1FGelzmJj8kkgZkRmM1FShyphenhyphenycpesytJ6twQOAJwtWQwpVH8gJkNnb_574MmteQF4X_RNzJCdpiUCqgrdJWPPQ5saSXaPzaezx5FpSEfmkbubgGdnVy9-NMmAT7iDNEw-fN6U/s400/UnionsColumn-2.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Coincidence? </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Mr. Kristof also writes, “I’ve ... changed my mind because, in recent years, the worst abuses by
far haven’t been in the union shop but in the corporate suite. One of the
things you learn as a journalist is that when there’s no accountability, we
humans are capable of tremendous avarice and venality. That’s true of union
bosses — and of corporate tycoons. Unions, even flawed ones, can provide checks
and balances for flawed corporations.”<br />
<br />
For American labor unions to be a meaningful force for combating oligarchy, however, they would need to re-invent themselves. The Polish <b><i>Solidarity </i></b>movement wasn't narrowly focused on securing benefits for its members. It championed free speech, better schools, and fairer elections.</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Step 2: Disempowerment.</i></b> Once individuals are isolated from one
another through the systematic destruction of social and political
organizations, they begin to exhibit “the psychology of captivity.” The
individual may be bitter and hateful toward the government, but being “deprived
of his community, his ideals, and his language” he is incapable of taking
meaningful, constructive action. Occasionally, the people did manage to
organize a protest against abuses by their political leaders. However, they
were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">only</i></b>
protests, and not reform movements. As such, protest is merely an expression of
emotions, and achieves no lasting, meaningful change in society.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Step 3: Debasement</i></b>. Mr. Michnik observed that, “long-lived
dictatorships engender their own characteristic subculture and their own
peculiar normalcy. They create a type of man unused to freedom and truth,
ignorant of dignity and autonomy.”One could say that Americans' apparent willingness to exchange <b><i>freedom </i></b>for <i><b>security </b></i>is a perfect example. It's unlikely, though, that Americans fully realize that it is a trade-off. And this goes back to the loss of political consciousness.</div>
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Of the oligarchs, Michnik wrote, “Their strength stems from their
ability to release the darkest and basest instincts in ourselves.” So, as long
as the people are afraid and selfish in their concerns, they will remain
divided. If they see no clear-cut imminent danger to themselves, they will not oppose government
policies that will harm other people. In the words of Mr. Michnik, this is "the psychology of a captive."</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdDOYElwVVvI-K2QQwTMLZSJj6zriLza7V8WrBsVdg0WieBTlvyTUwleUY-M0XTXQP77zHLao2OmTkXaUlPRH7iApIV9Sen1qn28yfBmaEBlGrEI3HGK9l0Q8bfoTdgfoQRI6o9mAOLMs/s1600/Obama_Business-086e1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdDOYElwVVvI-K2QQwTMLZSJj6zriLza7V8WrBsVdg0WieBTlvyTUwleUY-M0XTXQP77zHLao2OmTkXaUlPRH7iApIV9Sen1qn28yfBmaEBlGrEI3HGK9l0Q8bfoTdgfoQRI6o9mAOLMs/s400/Obama_Business-086e1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Deep thoughts</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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To resist succumbing to the psychology of a captive, it is
necessary to undertake, “an unceasing struggle for reform and evolution that
seeks an expansion of civil liberties and human rights.” Doing so restores dignity to the individual. This is, Mr. Michnik adds,
“the only course … dissidents can take.” </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Obsolescence of Party Lines.</i></b> Mr. Michnik realized that, “the
conflict between the right and the left belongs to the past.” Rather, he saw
that the true conflict is between “the proponents of an open society and the
proponents of a closed society. In the former, social order is based on
self-government and collective agreements; in the latter, order is achieved
through repression and discipline.” In an open society, “the state acts as the
guardian of safety for citizens” and in a closed society, “the state is a
master and overseer who determines all modes of a society’s existence.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Control.</i></b> Even though an oligarchy can be remarkably effective
at suppressing dissent and reform, the oligarchs do not rest easy. Mr. Michnik
observed, “The government is afraid of rising social tensions caused by the
deteriorating standard of living.” He believed that, even when the people are
convinced that they have no power to effect positive social and political
change, the oligarchs know better. This is because, ultimately, a <b>“country
cannot be ruled without an agreement with the people.”</b></div>
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For this reason, in an oligarchy, one will always see a
continuing expansion of the police apparatus and mass surveillance. And for
this reason, the vigorous defense of civil liberties, and personal and social freedoms,
is essential. </div>
Agishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05297300559991439052noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520077770573448711.post-5914472375587052232015-05-01T14:21:00.002-04:002015-06-25T18:04:16.417-04:00On Trade<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
There are plenty of reasons why a person may end up deciding
that “free-trade” agreements like NAFTA and the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)
are a good idea, just as there are plenty of reasons why a person might end up thinking
that they’re a bad idea. Personally, I believe that if people voted according
to their informed self-interest, 99.99% of Americans would opposed these deals,
and 00.01% would be heartily in favor of them. But that’s just me. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Now, apart from carefully studying the fine-print and
thinking about the direct and indirect consequences of “free trade” agreements, here
are some reasons why a person might end up favoring them: </div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuW77KeGDoV_WQWDqhbEWWM7uvAw08a3yn7TX3PAQIXzYGGxrsDRla9Bc9PqC9xm3oAj9O7DI_JFN7nDij4T7GOZ8PuJxSCkChX0zmY0UO0VXvZJERYHjJeApYh8teaxME7leaJwfR7tA/s1600/dubious.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuW77KeGDoV_WQWDqhbEWWM7uvAw08a3yn7TX3PAQIXzYGGxrsDRla9Bc9PqC9xm3oAj9O7DI_JFN7nDij4T7GOZ8PuJxSCkChX0zmY0UO0VXvZJERYHjJeApYh8teaxME7leaJwfR7tA/s1600/dubious.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Now, there are some shortcomings in each of these reasons.
Please bear with me as I explain them.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Party Loyalty</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mr. Clinton was a big supporter of NAFTA and signed the
deal, and Mr. Obama is struggling tirelessly in support of TPP. They’re both
Democrats. But it’s interesting to see that NAFTA and TPP get a lot of support
from BOTH parties. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Oh, maybe it is heartening to see bipartisanship every now
and then. It’s certainly a refreshing change of pace. But to me, it’s a bit
disturbing that NAFTA would have been signed into law regardless of whether Mr.
Clinton had won the election of 1992 or if George H.W. Bush had won. Bush had
been, after all. I’m with George Carlin on this one: “The word bipartisan means
some larger-than-usual deception is being carried out.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The occupant of the Oval Office would be supporting TPP right
now even if Romney had won (for evidence of this, go <a href="http://www.thepoliticalguide.com/Profiles/Governor/Massachusetts/Mitt_Romney/Views/Trade_Policy/">HERE</a>).
If Romney had won, there’d be debate about “fast track authority” in the media
and in Congress. The only difference would be that – just maybe – there would
be members of the progressive wing of the Democratic Party who would be more
vocal in airing their concerns. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmZnZ-y1dtLAYxZBIqckUgYF34fDB1CJhjT2mSqNIzw37FT6piXn9zeoWJNjP0p4kDXB-GApZ9x3GK59uLbNkA7TNoGMMxrEb1dCGK0Mc5VGx6brQjsapUIc7AK4RuHVTufsAJnQChk-8/s1600/15-03-25-marioneta.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmZnZ-y1dtLAYxZBIqckUgYF34fDB1CJhjT2mSqNIzw37FT6piXn9zeoWJNjP0p4kDXB-GApZ9x3GK59uLbNkA7TNoGMMxrEb1dCGK0Mc5VGx6brQjsapUIc7AK4RuHVTufsAJnQChk-8/s1600/15-03-25-marioneta.jpg" width="255" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Free Market Fandom</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
I suspect that a lot of people who support free
market capitalism get a warm fuzzy every time they hear the word “free,” and
this goes a long way in explaining why they like the way “free trade agreement”
sounds. Without going into a long explanation of the technical definition of “free
market,” it will suffice to say that if special deals are being struck with a
short-list of countries like Mexico and Canada (in the case of NAFTA) or Singapore
and Brunei and a few others (in the case of TPP), then the government is
heavily involving itself in trade. These deals go on for hundreds of pages and
contain thousands of line-items for things like corn, cars, quinoa, and
computers. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Government intervention in the
economy used to be frowned on by conservatives. Back in the day, when there was
a thing called the U.S.S.R., conservatives would relentlessly criticize the
Soviet “planned economy.” And the fact is, even though the Soviets liked to
call themselves “communists” there were always a few privileged heads of
industry that made huge profits from the Soviets’ planned economy. And, as it
happens to turn out, those privileged few spent a lot of time with Soviet
political leaders, eating caviar in various luxurious <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dachas</i> overlooking the Black Sea.'</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It’s the same story when we look at U.S. trade policy. There
are heads of certain privileged heads of industry that always have a spot at
the negotiating table. Back in the time of NAFTA, a spokesperson for <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">General Electric</i> went before Congress in
support of the deal. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .6in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in;">
“We are looking at
another $7.5 billion in potential sales over the next 10 years. These sales
could support 10,000 jobs for <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">General Electric</i>
and its suppliers. We fervently believe that these jobs depend on the success
of this agreement.” Michael Gadbaw, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">General
Electric</i>, before the House Foreign Affairs Committee, 10/21/1993.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
Here, the important point is NOT
that Mr. Gadbaw was either (a) lying to Congress or (b) woefully misinformed. In
fact, after NAFTA was passed, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">General
Electric</i> laid off thousands of American workers and hired Mexican workers
to replace them. No, the important point is that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">General Electric</i> took such an interest in the deal that it was willing
to donate the talents of its Public Relations team.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The promise of free market
economics is that it opens the door to innovation. Any small business owner can
build a better mousetrap and compete against the Big Guys. But that’s not what
we are talking about here. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">General
Electric</i> isn’t interested in what’ll help the little guy succeed. It is interested
in increasing its own advantage at the expense of competitors big or small.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX-g3snFqhrCxEQriM6J1MSro7h7Vs3pCr_Ekbqme0Aqc6sY1vpPpTIRFaeWsOv6ogXMwZ7cuB3iKnp3M8MJYgQ4-Lv_2KXtAlcPdAnUkZLyukCPrKHGUNZwSuYMOrqhTzpqBVvrLDWZo/s1600/AOS-Chart-1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX-g3snFqhrCxEQriM6J1MSro7h7Vs3pCr_Ekbqme0Aqc6sY1vpPpTIRFaeWsOv6ogXMwZ7cuB3iKnp3M8MJYgQ4-Lv_2KXtAlcPdAnUkZLyukCPrKHGUNZwSuYMOrqhTzpqBVvrLDWZo/s1600/AOS-Chart-1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Automobile Manufacturing Capacity: Bad news for <b>Detroit</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Trust In Experts</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There are plenty of economists who will swear up and down
that “free trade” agreements boost the U.S. economy. That’s fine for what it’s
worth. But there are some points that a skeptical inquirer should bear in mind:
(a) economists have been known to be wrong (remember when they were saying that
the boom of the 2000’s could keep going on indefinitely?) and (b) what they
consider “boosting the economy” might not be the same thing that you would
consider “boosting the economy.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So, it is possible (as many economists claim) that a “free
trade” agreement will not increase unemployment. They may say, “There might be
a loss of some low-skilled jobs, but that will be made up for by an increase in
higher-skilled jobs.” Even if this were true, it leaves a lot of low-skilled
Americans out of work. Those people could go back to college and learn new
skills, provided that they have money for tuition after they’ve lost their
low-skilled jobs, and provided that they have the free time to do so. However,
their time might be consumed by, oh, a desperate life-or-death scramble to
bring in income to support their families. And maybe the reason they never went
to college is because the public schools they’d attended weren’t that good.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieATbL2lWoIAFEwb06FoHUPRu5AWzTR1IW1cozqqIZtGi7aRyKXXXatLzqG0JdQcCF18dgUf6gsquHCWxvu17KJlqOMByHFP28fa3t5N91MlOHdxjm8bfLSKRJbwvbSIs-GIJ-AguWLG0/s1600/original.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieATbL2lWoIAFEwb06FoHUPRu5AWzTR1IW1cozqqIZtGi7aRyKXXXatLzqG0JdQcCF18dgUf6gsquHCWxvu17KJlqOMByHFP28fa3t5N91MlOHdxjm8bfLSKRJbwvbSIs-GIJ-AguWLG0/s1600/original.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Michigan spends more on correctional facilities than on education.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Another thing about experts is this: they only answer the
questions they are asked. If you ask them about job loss, they will tell you
that “free trade” agreements will not cause a <u>net</u> loss in jobs. But
unless you ask, they are not going to discuss issues that have very little to
do with the question that was posed to them. An economist can’t be relied on to
volunteer off-topic information such as, “we may expect to see that in certain
communities the loss of jobs will have a profound impact, and will almost
certainly lead to increased crime and social disorder.” Economists are also timid
when it comes to the worst-case scenario: back in the time of NAFTA, they might
have been thinking, “it is possible that NAFTA will transform large cities such
as Detroit to such an extent that entire neighborhoods will be abandoned and
torn down, and the resulting empty land will be used to create gigantic
drainage ditches.” Stuff like that is outside the scope of the macro-economic
study of international trade. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Trust in Government Statistics</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For much the same reason, one should be wary when reading
government statistics. These statistics are generated by economists. But there
is an additional factor. There is a strong institutional pressure to interpret
data in a way that supports the administration. So, if the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">International Trade Commission</i> is asked to report on the balance of
trade with Mexico following NAFTA, certain bureaucrats and functionaries may
think to themselves, “What would happen if I were to report that the deal has
been a disaster?” They might worry, looking up the chain of command at their
immediate superiors and the persons to whom their superiors report, and if they
look high enough they will see Bill Clinton or Barack Obama or Mitt Romney or
whoever it is that happens to be president at the time. I am not suggesting
that they would deliberately fudge the numbers (heaven forbid!). However, I am
enough of a cynic to believe that the process of interpreting statistics is
susceptible to unconscious bias. This also relates to the phenomenon of
Groupthink, but I will refrain from expanding on that point.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Anti-Union Sentiment</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Looking at United States history in the 19<sup>th</sup> and
20<sup>th</sup> centuries, relations between union-represented laborers and
business owners have generally been antagonistic. This may only be a historical
accident – meaning, it never <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">needed</i>
to be this way. Labor became a loyal constituency in support of Democrat
candidates and business owners became a loyal constituency in support of
Republican candidates. Partisan politics may have inflamed union members’
antagonism to management, and management’s antagonism to unions. When partisan
sentiments are inflamed, more money pours into the coffers of the party. The
aim of a political party is to exert control over government and thereby
perpetuate itself, and doing so requires a lot of money.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Was there a point when U.S. automobile manufacturers found
it impossible to remain profitable because of excessive union demands?
Possibly. But it is more common that, when a formerly profitable company is no
longer profitable, poor management is to blame. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Let’s take a moment to think about the devastating success
of Japanese automobiles during the 1970s. There are at two reasons for the Japanese
success that are worth mentioning here. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
First, Toyota and other Japanese firms took the advice of W.
Edwards Deming. Deming told managers to empower their employees and work
collaboratively with them to achieve a common aim of producing high quality
products.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Secondly, President Jimmy Carter was faced with a choice
between favoring protectionist legislation aimed at limiting Japanese imports,
or pursuing a “free trade” ideology. Carter chose the latter. He was swayed by
the advice of the U.S. trade representative that the better course of action
was to encourage the Japanese to import a larger number of American cars, and
balance out the situation that way. OF course, American cars were quite large
and were gas-guzzlers, and the streets of Japan were quite narrow and the price
of gas exceedingly high. So this plan made no sense and had no hope of
succeeding.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Anti-Mob Sentiment</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One may argue that unrest in Baltimore and elsewhere is the indirect result of trade agreements such as NAFTA. As already noted, a lot of manufacturing jobs have left the country. I respect the view held by many conservatives, centrists,
and mainstream Americans that mob violence is terribly unfair to the victims of
this violence. It is counter-productive. It is indecent. It is wasteful. It
creates division when what is needed is a unity of purpose. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But it is also true that, in a well-functioning democracy,
every voter has equal say in political decisions. There are no well-organized,
well-funded special interest groups lobbying Congress. Voters are well-educated
and have access to objective information. Their elected representatives look
out for them. By these standards, ours is not a well-functioning democracy. And
when democracy fails, mobs happen.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWLNDtDL7ieSxZa1RwXU6oFfYpW15_iF-c4gB90L7ipMppEgIwANZeyd1pb87PQ2L1ywyoLFCB7cP4zhn2PE8AAmzShs2bfTuybsGyoQQk3O0XIuU0uCpxG4Hzn6v1OdknPRi1R0KGZ-c/s1600/i_want_you_in_prison.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWLNDtDL7ieSxZa1RwXU6oFfYpW15_iF-c4gB90L7ipMppEgIwANZeyd1pb87PQ2L1ywyoLFCB7cP4zhn2PE8AAmzShs2bfTuybsGyoQQk3O0XIuU0uCpxG4Hzn6v1OdknPRi1R0KGZ-c/s1600/i_want_you_in_prison.jpg" width="298" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Now, it's simply too convenient to indulge in "either/or" thinking. Either/or thinking goes like this: "either protestors exhibit good civic behavior or I will refuse to hear their grievances." This has a moralistic tone and Americans, it may be said, are a moralistic people. I will suggest that, <b>if these were ordinary times</b>, intolerance of violent mobs is appropriate. But these are not ordinary times. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Apathy</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Elie Weisel said, “The opposite of love is not hate, it is
indifference. The opposite of art is not ugliness, it is indifference. The opposite
of faith is not heresy, it is indifference. And the opposite of life is not
death, it is indifference.”</div>
Agishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05297300559991439052noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520077770573448711.post-66920827590450879182015-04-11T16:21:00.000-04:002015-04-11T17:05:28.890-04:00On Thomas Jefferson: The Moral Coercion of Want<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Plenty of people like to deride the Founders as dead white
males possessed of privilege. Readers of this blog will already know how I feel
about that. In a nutshell, I believe that the Founders were brilliant political
philosophers and truly heroic in their aspirations -- regardless of their
gender, color, or income. I don’t accept the argument that their vision for
American government was tainted by the self-interested motives of the
propertied few. But I do understand that, in idolizing the Founders as I
unashamedly do, there is a need to take seriously the fact that many of the
Founders owned slaves. Thomas Jefferson, in particular, was invested in the
Virginia slave economy.</div>
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<br /></div>
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It’s not easy to reconcile Jefferson the slave owner with the
Jefferson who tried to add a passage to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Declaration
of Independence</i> that soundly repudiated the practice of slavery (and lost
by one vote), or the Jefferson who frequently wrote about the “moral and
political depravity” of slavery. Yet, I think that this is an effort worth
taking, because doing so may usefully illuminate the dilemma of being
idealistic in an era of moral compromise. </div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU1Yz5zkCLRlpsY1kniJWAcK-Q9TyWuvqQHI-OIoiIuWIVM4JhlJEEbq4xOsn5XIGKLC-Iw67dhtGdT1tpcGY8uRLh7duU8gqkqoojfrynFig-QplmC0NihROuN6yd-HDCKY6EJ8KA9-A/s1600/Thomas_Jefferson_1786_by_Mather_Brown.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU1Yz5zkCLRlpsY1kniJWAcK-Q9TyWuvqQHI-OIoiIuWIVM4JhlJEEbq4xOsn5XIGKLC-Iw67dhtGdT1tpcGY8uRLh7duU8gqkqoojfrynFig-QplmC0NihROuN6yd-HDCKY6EJ8KA9-A/s1600/Thomas_Jefferson_1786_by_Mather_Brown.JPG" height="320" width="239" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">No less a hero for being human.</td></tr>
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Let’s consider a contemporary issue. Let’s assume that the
consensus of climate scientists is accurate and that the continued burning of
fossil fuels will ultimately cause sea levels and temperatures to rise to the
point that many human beings will die or otherwise suffer harms and privations.
There are people who believe that this is what the future holds for the human
race, but they nonetheless own cars and may even drive to work each day and not
even bother to reduce their carbon footprint by carpooling or planting trees. Are
they hypocrites? Are they insincere in their desire to see a greater effort by
governments to address the issue of climate change? Is this simply another
example of a foolish citizenry that is willing to demand more from government
than they demand of themselves?</div>
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I suspect that many Americans have gazed into the mirror and
seen their own hypocrisy and as a consequence have opted to remain silent and
passive rather than crusade for issues that they care deeply about. And it is indisputably
clear that people who speak out about climate change are in danger of having
their voices drowned out by other voices loudly accusing them of hypocrisy. If
you visit the <s>conservative</s> reactionary news site <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Breitbart</i> and look at the news from January of this year, you will
see the following in big bold print: “A squadron of 1,700 private jets are
rumbling into Davos, Switzerland, this week to discuss global warming and other
issues as the annual World Economic Forum gets underway (<a href="http://www.breitbart.com/national-security/2015/01/20/1700-private-jets-fly-to-davos-to-discuss-global-warming/">source</a>).”
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<br />
<br />
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Thomas Jefferson recognized his own hypocrisy. In a
revealing passage from his writings, he disclosed the fact that his personal
financial situation was bleak. He added, “The torment of mind I endure till the
moment shall arrive when I shall not owe a shilling on earth is such really as
to render life of little value. I cannot decide to sell my lands. I have sold
too much of them already, and they are the only sure provision for my children;
nor would I willingly sell the slaves as long as there remains any prospect of
paying my debts with their labor.” </div>
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<br /></div>
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Here it is clearly laid out. Jefferson, that great champion of
equality and critic of slavery, was himself a slave in his own eyes. He saw no
alternative source of income to provide for himself and his family. And he
spoke at length about the fact that working people of his time were enslaved by
wealthy capitalists. “And with the laborers of England generally, does not <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">the moral coercion of want</b> subject
their will as despotically to that of their employer, as the physical
constraint does the soldier, the seaman or the slave? But do not mistake me. I
am not advocating slavery. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I am not
justifying the wrongs we have committed on a foreign people, by the example of
another nation committing equal wrongs on their own subjects.</i> On the
contrary, there is nothing I would not sacrifice to a practicable plan of
abolishing every vestige of this moral and political depravity. But I am, at present,
comparing the condition and degree of suffering to which oppression has reduced
the man of one color, with the condition and degree of suffering to which
oppression has reduced the man of another color; equally condemning both
(emphasis added).” </div>
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<br /></div>
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To more fully appreciate Jefferson’s views on slavery,
consider the following passage from a man that Jefferson acknowledged to have
been a powerful influence on his political philosophy: Montesquieu.</div>
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<br /></div>
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"Slavery, properly so called, is the establishment of a right
which gives to one man such a power over another as renders him absolute master
of his life and fortune. The state of slavery is in its own nature bad. It is
neither useful to the master nor to the slave; not to the slave, because he can
do nothing through a motive of virtue; nor to the master, because by having an
unlimited authority over his slaves he insensibly accustoms himself to the want
of all moral virtues, and thence becomes fierce, hasty, severe, choleric,
voluptuous, and cruel ... where it is of the utmost importance that human
nature should not be debased or dispirited, there ought to be no slavery. In
democracies, where they are all upon equality; and in aristocracies, where the
laws ought to use their utmost endeavors to procure as great an equality as the
nature of the government will permit, slavery is contrary to the spirit of the
constitution: it only contributes to give a power and luxury to the citizens
which they ought not to have."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What makes this passage particularly important is its
implicit construction of what may be characterized as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">slave mentality</b>: the slave, it is said “can do nothing through a
motive of virtue.” The slave is compelled to prioritize subsistence above other
more idealistic, public-spirited aims. Conscious of this reality, Jefferson decided
that he should not remain silent on the issue of African chattel slavery, despite
being tainted by his own participation in the slave economy. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I suggest that Jefferson’s writings reveal a valuable and
timely truth: today, we are all tainted by our complicity in partisan politics
and the politics of self-interest. We are all tainted by our participation in
an economic system that is designed to transfer wealth from the many to the
few. We are all compromised. But this should not prevent us from championing
ideals.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSi46Y4ygC3WTN7-K80tX7M0MGQ19Sf8CmljqTXRbXlU_xz1vW0hVDSIBC0N0l9JJayGQ6lUODIjoMl4qSomNDoIXpwNA3UTYjCYUYOT3_HYKTLRPZ8IZM1zgY6grJ7f6SQUCNK5jdGyo/s1600/forms+of+slavery.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSi46Y4ygC3WTN7-K80tX7M0MGQ19Sf8CmljqTXRbXlU_xz1vW0hVDSIBC0N0l9JJayGQ6lUODIjoMl4qSomNDoIXpwNA3UTYjCYUYOT3_HYKTLRPZ8IZM1zgY6grJ7f6SQUCNK5jdGyo/s1600/forms+of+slavery.JPG" height="640" width="452" /></a></div>
</div>
Agishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05297300559991439052noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520077770573448711.post-78921938047111444102015-01-24T17:59:00.000-05:002015-04-13T20:26:59.681-04:00Department of Homeland InsecurityThe mission of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is to make America more secure. Former director of DHS, Tom Ridge, said this on the first anniversary of DHS: "this Department has a clear mission statement -- specifically, that we will lead the unified national effort to <u>secure</u> America. We will prevent and deter terrorist attacks and protect against and respond to <u>threats </u>and <u>hazards </u>to the nation."<br />
<br />
FEMA is a division of DHS, and their mission is, "to support our citizens and first responders to ensure that as a nation we work together to build, sustain and improve our capability to prepare for, protect against, respond to, recover from and mitigate <u>all </u>hazards (www.fema.gov)."<br />
<br />
This has caused me to wonder, <b>"how secure have Americans been feeling since DHS was established in 2003?"</b> This brief post will consider some of the highlights.<br />
<br />
Natural Disasters<br />
<br />
Since we're on the subject of FEMA, we can be optimistic and suppose that they've improved on their performance since the epic fail that was hurricane Katrina. But the American people might be feeling less secure -- despite the presence of DHS and FEMA -- because they are noticing that something's going on with the climate, and it's either an evil genius with a weather machine or global warming. FEMA is there to address the symptoms, but not very much is being done about the underlying cause.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixJ6ZXWZzpF6_tqYU31scqilAYYGCAnSSE9S5F62pyRdg-sWtIYvciWdCbEL4gtaSbO_YF-xx1mseJpkIL6wwHF6UAC3xB7CfSnquyVPBZJ9KWHUYwouUIchn9LXe2KrOLS5nHiEszz9c/s1600/590x249_11151949_screen-shot-2013-11-15-at-1.35.00-pm.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixJ6ZXWZzpF6_tqYU31scqilAYYGCAnSSE9S5F62pyRdg-sWtIYvciWdCbEL4gtaSbO_YF-xx1mseJpkIL6wwHF6UAC3xB7CfSnquyVPBZJ9KWHUYwouUIchn9LXe2KrOLS5nHiEszz9c/s1600/590x249_11151949_screen-shot-2013-11-15-at-1.35.00-pm.png" height="167" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
Terrorism<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjiWkcQig1X7Z1ZjzjHNJ-0k2dRlNctPBmfo7noK_KmrwOSsjgk9nCvO6NxEPdDC3H8mCEMdM7-ODhVCqjm5unw2VkTJhBrSKJNmhIco_g1IWnsaXvoFaxl_gBNug8eibqhMInnTEAS4M/s1600/terrorism.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjiWkcQig1X7Z1ZjzjHNJ-0k2dRlNctPBmfo7noK_KmrwOSsjgk9nCvO6NxEPdDC3H8mCEMdM7-ODhVCqjm5unw2VkTJhBrSKJNmhIco_g1IWnsaXvoFaxl_gBNug8eibqhMInnTEAS4M/s1600/terrorism.gif" height="233" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The most conspicuous function of DHS is securing America from terrorism. According to a Gallup poll, Americans felt less safe in 2013 than they did shortly after the 9-11 terrorist attacks. This perception is well-founded, because the United States armed forces have been entering a growing number of nations and causing their residents to become bitterly resentful of the United States and its people. Foreign intelligence experts believe that our Syrian intervention will likely create an unprecedented "terrorist diaspora" to various locations around the world. <br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Immigration</div>
<div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhapfEOvve-pZJTnucMOwQr_4b3nQbKHNd8cbfPvLDT3w1U2JvxMtNGizgoMZAb26mJOoy05z0PNFMEbDtv871KZbji25yI3o-bafvavd43Nupkp99JHBPeNPY25nIbEcLDlsHn96VPRFU/s1600/1.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhapfEOvve-pZJTnucMOwQr_4b3nQbKHNd8cbfPvLDT3w1U2JvxMtNGizgoMZAb26mJOoy05z0PNFMEbDtv871KZbji25yI3o-bafvavd43Nupkp99JHBPeNPY25nIbEcLDlsHn96VPRFU/s1600/1.png" height="286" width="400" /></a>Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) is a second department of DHS, and the mission of ICE has been to control unauthorized immigration into the United States. If we look at the trends since DHS was established, the flow of unauthorized immigrants has increased (see chart). <br />
<br />
Transportation Security Administration (TSA)<br />
<br />
TSA
employees operate metal detectors and engage in various other
activities that are said to improve airline safety. But it is worth
mentioning that, from the standpoint of basic psychology, seeing a metal
detector or being scrutinized by a security officer may remind
people of terrorism (<a href="http://yas.sagepub.com/content/43/2/705.short">see a study on this topic</a>). So, instead of making people <i>feel </i>safer, these measures may make many people feel less safe.<br />
<br />
Government<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTFXbAQa0nXac9xqgqRLj3OjZ0OpN9ieHNZrODIMQtd2caOtqFOzyaL75mpcBwYq9hXeFrbVUCMsRXphSKOXcmjwQHw61QJKSx3st605TKjN4KtHtvIXKC9DsFq_gI02pvBS3PAeEgmYc/s1600/la-pn-gallup-poll-confidence-supreme-court-30-20140630.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTFXbAQa0nXac9xqgqRLj3OjZ0OpN9ieHNZrODIMQtd2caOtqFOzyaL75mpcBwYq9hXeFrbVUCMsRXphSKOXcmjwQHw61QJKSx3st605TKjN4KtHtvIXKC9DsFq_gI02pvBS3PAeEgmYc/s1600/la-pn-gallup-poll-confidence-supreme-court-30-20140630.jpg" height="223" width="400" /></a></div>
Since DHS was established, Americans have
become more afraid of their government. This may have less to do with
DHS than with the shady activities of the <i>National Security Agency</i> (NSA) and the realization by growing numbers of Americans that their elected leaders and the judiciary serve the interests of the few and definitely do <u>not </u>serve the interests of the many. <br />
<br />
If you believe the chairman of the <a href="http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=65432">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>, the largest threat to national security is the national debt, and low confidence in the U.S. government may have something to do with concerns about the debt. The government spent $222.8 billion in 2013 just to cover the interest owed.<br />
<br />
Similarly, U.S. General Carter Ham has declared, “I believe ever more firmly about this very strong connection between sound economic policy and our national security,” he added that... [countries] where people feel they have opportunities — for themselves and their children — have more stability and security. Those areas also have the best governments, least amount of conflict and increasing respect for human rights (<a href="http://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2013/09/11/retired-general-to-economists-economic-stability-drives-national-security/">source</a>). <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8XhnTjRlvBjCLdbTJ-UJeWu3xEh7qjbBzCM6LLO-pOD8jqz08tr7LWtnVsiRP_Wc9HWCT_vjmf2y36K7fM5thzgeIRrmhnyS0xc4cCrjv8IcJ2drvrjwXPCUSUciZGEVxbuo61C2SOtM/s1600/debt_interest2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8XhnTjRlvBjCLdbTJ-UJeWu3xEh7qjbBzCM6LLO-pOD8jqz08tr7LWtnVsiRP_Wc9HWCT_vjmf2y36K7fM5thzgeIRrmhnyS0xc4cCrjv8IcJ2drvrjwXPCUSUciZGEVxbuo61C2SOtM/s1600/debt_interest2.png" height="400" width="361" /></a></div>
<b>Personal debt</b> may be making a lot of Americans anxious, and if the people are anxious, they're apt to lose confidence in the government. As it stands, millions of Americans likely consider themselves to be "middle class" on account of owning a car, big screen TV, and a house (or at least, the bank's permission to occupy the dwelling). However, <b>Debt-serfdom and zero assets does not equate to middle class </b>(<a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/dear-middle-class-americans-most-of-you-are-debt-serfs-with-zero-assets-2010-10#ixzz3PmSZ1yNU">source</a>).<br />
<br />
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</div>
<div style="border: medium none; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">
I'm not suggesting that there's anything the DHS can really do about that. But it is entirely possible that DHS is designed to deal with threats that are neither the most likely to happen nor the most severe threats to the homeland. And this is a big deal because, in the coming year, the cost to the American taxpayer for DHS will be $38 billion. </div>
<div style="border: medium none; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">
<br /></div>
<div style="border: medium none; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">
</div>
<div style="border: medium none; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">
The More Serious Threat</div>
<div style="border: medium none; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">
</div>
<div style="border: medium none; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">
As already mentioned, the nation's coffers are emptying and Americans' coffers are emptying, we are all more vulnerable to unanticipated events such as (yet another) military engagement or another economic meltdown. </div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4hLZ57TcEc3NFvD3QyHJAMMowGWHjQm8Ntgk46XtMP1f-5KLpsLs1ypkZJqA-pk5ulimvVGic0bjAjyZbA9PtREusIa253g-gLfRxJn5-_-MOyxyaU1TLCIVzxBc2W0FFtMLFT6By1Xk/s1600/casselman-feature-boomers-2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4hLZ57TcEc3NFvD3QyHJAMMowGWHjQm8Ntgk46XtMP1f-5KLpsLs1ypkZJqA-pk5ulimvVGic0bjAjyZbA9PtREusIa253g-gLfRxJn5-_-MOyxyaU1TLCIVzxBc2W0FFtMLFT6By1Xk/s1600/casselman-feature-boomers-2.png" height="311" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Income-strapped Americans are unable to save for retirement. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
"From the end of 2000 to the end of 2013, the gold value of the dollar fell by 77%," according to this <a href="http://www.forbes.com/sites/louiswoodhill/2014/03/03/its-time-to-drive-russia-bankrupt-again/">source</a>. This is because both G.W. Bush and President Obama have been pursuing a weak dollar policy. If current trends continue, an increasing number of elderly will seek relief (<i>Social Security </i>and <i>Medicare</i>) from a relatively small proportion of working-age Americans. American jobs will continue to be exported, thus downward wage pressure will also continue. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />Agishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05297300559991439052noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520077770573448711.post-17116417689601796612015-01-17T15:30:00.002-05:002015-01-23T11:53:42.332-05:00Against Identity PoliticsIn honor of Benjamin Franklin's birthday, this post will consider the problem of Identity Politics. The Founders -- and Franklin in particular -- was alert to the danger that the American colonists would form up into small antagonist camps.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAxImXEPMzUUMcFRQ0qpDv73UtzZEOO3-VdhDZZcY-38XEtxtoL2IZO_LMNyO1sFpF-zoX3L3AL13SIPCMti6F0IlfvA8wD0V15htFLW9piPZqZN0i7MIBQaaa8FeGZyOMMR_RFnO5RTk/s1600/gender+race+and+class.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAxImXEPMzUUMcFRQ0qpDv73UtzZEOO3-VdhDZZcY-38XEtxtoL2IZO_LMNyO1sFpF-zoX3L3AL13SIPCMti6F0IlfvA8wD0V15htFLW9piPZqZN0i7MIBQaaa8FeGZyOMMR_RFnO5RTk/s1600/gender+race+and+class.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>Different groups of colonists had different grievances with the despotism of King George III. The merchant classes were concerned about George's monopolistic restraints on trade. The famous Boston Tea Party had much to do with the merchant classes' profits from illegally imported tea, which they feared they would lose when mandated to only accept tea from the <i>East India Company</i>. The poorer classes were concerned about their lack of political voice. They railed against the theft of income by regressive taxes. The <i>Stamp Act</i> tax, for example, injured those of limited wealth to a greater extent than it did more affluent colonists.<br />
<br />
In many respects, the merchant classes and the poorer classes were natural adversaries. And it is an example of the genius of the Founders that they were able to bridge these differences and create a coalition in favor of violent secession from the British Empire. <br />
<br />
Against the danger of a spirit of faction arising that would break the coalition, Franklin famously warned, "We must all hang together, or assuredly we shall all hang separately." <br />
<br />
Today, the American people face a similar crisis. The only hope of enacting sweeping political change is that a broad-based grassroots movement will come together and remain united by common purpose. And I need not demonstrate to you that the need for sweeping political change exists, beyond pointing out that in a recent poll 73% of Americans agreed that our government is on the side of corporations and not on the side of average citizens. In a recent poll, an unprecedented number of Americans identify themselves not as Republicans or Democrats but Independent voters: 43% identify as independents, which is the greatest percentage observed since the question was first put to voters in 1988 (<a href="http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/2015/0111/Party-s-over-Record-voters-say-they-re-Independents-reject-D-and-R">source</a>). <br />
<br />
One important engine that drives a spirit of faction among American voters is a phenomenon known as Identity Politics. Self-described feminists are inclined to vote for female candidates, African-Americans are inclined to vote for African American candidates, and Latino(a) voters are inclined (or so it is believed) to vote for politicians who toss in a few words of Spanish during their speeches. <br />
<br />
As the 2016 election cycle nears, it seems almost inevitable that Hillary Clinton will become the democrats' nominee for president. This is a shame because there are numerous candidates who'd be better choices: Bernie Sanders, Jim Webb, and Rocky Anderson are each fervent opponents of Wall Street influence, whereas Mrs. Clinton accepts money from Goldman Sachs. The three men mentioned wish to curtail American military involvement abroad, whereas Mrs. Clinton seeks, or has sought, military action against Libya, Syria, and Iran. <br />
<br />
Now, there are also better qualified women than Mrs. Clinton to run for president, such as Elizabeth Warren and Jill Stein. But Mrs. Clinton has cynically used her husband's economic and political influence to make herself a nationally recognized figure, and conspicuously drapes herself in the mantle of feminism. <br />
<br />
Identity Politics is dangerous because people who fall victim to it lose their critical faculties. They regard Mrs. Clinton as a champion for women's rights even though she clearly is not. How could anyone who supports trade with China or the Transpacific Partnership be called a a champion for women's rights? We know that women in China are enslaved, undergo forced abortions and are so bereft of hope that they throw themselves from the tops of the Dickensian factories where they are obliged to labor. We know that some of the member nations of the Transpacific Partnership enforce laws that disenfranchise women. <br />
<br />
Turning now to the gist of this post, let's consider the ideology of race and gender which forms the basis of Identity Politics. The question is whether "racism" and "sexism" provide the best explanations for social inequality observed when we compare whites and African Americans or compare men and women. <br />
<br />
One can hardly deny that the legacy of slavery has harmed African Americans greatly. One can hardly deny that African Americans continue to be disadvantaged in American society. Yet, in looking at the historical context which gave rise to slavery, we see the machinations of Southern oligarchs who sought to increase their profits by reducing wages. <br />
<br />
In looking at the historical context which gave rise to American gender inequality, we see the brutal factory system that emerged in 19th century America. Women were asked to live in factory housing, work long hours, and accept low wages. Northern oligarchs, such as the owners of the infamous Lowell Mills in Massachusetts, sought to increase their profits by reducing wages. <br />
<br />
In looking at the context which gave rise to the plight of Latino/a Americans. The situation clearly deteriorated after President Bill Clinton enacted NAFTA. Local industries were devastated; the illicit industry in drugs has thrived, and desperate Mexicans seek to flee the disastrous conditions that exist in their own country by crossing the border into America. NAFTA was the brainchild of multinational oligarchs with influence in American government, who sought to increase their profits by reducing wages. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAxImXEPMzUUMcFRQ0qpDv73UtzZEOO3-VdhDZZcY-38XEtxtoL2IZO_LMNyO1sFpF-zoX3L3AL13SIPCMti6F0IlfvA8wD0V15htFLW9piPZqZN0i7MIBQaaa8FeGZyOMMR_RFnO5RTk/s1600/gender+race+and+class.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAxImXEPMzUUMcFRQ0qpDv73UtzZEOO3-VdhDZZcY-38XEtxtoL2IZO_LMNyO1sFpF-zoX3L3AL13SIPCMti6F0IlfvA8wD0V15htFLW9piPZqZN0i7MIBQaaa8FeGZyOMMR_RFnO5RTk/s1600/gender+race+and+class.jpg" height="400" width="333" /></a><br />
Am I glossing over the fact that African Americans are in fact denying economic opportunities because of the color of their skin or that women are in fact denied opportunities because of their gender or that Latino(a)s are denied opportunities because of their refugee status and language barriers and skin? No, I am not. Instead, I will suggest that discrimination on the basis of these characteristics finds its origin in a mentality which regards some human beings as having less inherent worth than others. <br />
<br />
And it is plain that, although ACTUAL racial and gender discrimination exist, there are some instances in which it is merely PERCEIVED. A woman may, for example, be denied a job for some reason other than her gender. An African American may be denied a job not because of the color of his or her skin, but because he or she is the victim of historical forces which have resulted in his or her having a poorer education. Or perhaps the African American lacks the genteel refinements by which a member of the upper class decides the kind of person with whom he or she would prefer to work. When racism is only perceived and has little ACTUAL impact, we have upper class African Americans sending their children to the best colleges. There, they will learn to embrace the class system and like Barack Obama or Clarence Thomas or Condoleeza Rice, because active participants in the system which drives the poor further into poverty and concentrates the wealthy into fewer and fewer hands. <br />
<br />
We know that the burden of poverty is disproportionately shouldered by women, African Americans, and Latino(a) Americans. But poverty is also borne by whites. Visit the southern states and one will see that the legacy of Southern Oligarchy continues to blight the existence of whites belonging to the lowest castes of society. Visit any American prison and you will see a larger number of white men than you might expect if your only experience with prison is what you see on television. And these men are not violent, on the whole, nor frightening; what is more commonly the case is that they are broken men, with their eyes perpetually downcast out of fear of catching the attention of a correctional officer or fellow inmate, with little hope of successful reintegration after they are released.<br />
<br />
In conclusion, then, I will suggest that there is a cause that ought to be embraced by 99% of Americans, with unity of purpose and passion. I do not believe that this unity exists today. Agishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05297300559991439052noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520077770573448711.post-62573689426514325882014-12-16T19:50:00.002-05:002014-12-17T17:46:16.124-05:00On Recognizing Military Despotism<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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If we regard certain recent events as forming a pattern,
there is ample cause for alarm. Lately, the American people have been reminded
of the fact that our military has engaged in torturing prisoners of war. We
have seen that police officers in numerous states have taken it upon themselves
to slaughter civilians on the mere suspicion of guilt, or as a reflex response
to real or imagined dangers to themselves posed by unarmed teenagers. We have
also seen the militarization of the police, where with increasing frequency
officers who clearly cannot be entrusted with side-arms are being equipped with
assault rifles, tear gas, and armored tanks. Abroad, it has become routine for
members of our military to kill individuals merely on the basis of suspicion
that they may be involved in terrorist conspiracies, and time and again, the
poor judgment of drone operators has caused the death of children, members of
wedding parties, and other innocents. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<i>It is important to dig a little deeper into the Founders’ </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<i>thinking with respect to the connections among brutality in</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<i>law enforcement, orders to military personnel to engage in</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<i>torturing and murdering innocents, class
struggle, and tyranny. </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Now, it is obvious that the Founders would have objected to
these developments. They saw first-hand the abuse of military power by the British
Empire, and crafted a Constitution that enshrined ideals such as the presumption
of innocence and due process. Cruel and unusual punishments are explicitly
banned. Moreover, the Founders left us with numerous warnings of the dangers
inherent in a standing army. Specifically, there is a danger that an armed force
can be used to crush political dissent, and the mere existence of this
potential will embolden corrupt political leaders to embrace despotic rule. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It is important to dig a little deeper into the Founders’
thinking with respect to the connections among brutality in law enforcement, orders
to military personnel to engage in torturing and murdering innocents, class
struggle, and tyranny. One tyrant whose name was familiar to the Founders was
Draco. The expression “draconian punishment” is an allusion to him. This tyrant
had decided to punish <u>nearly every</u> criminal offense with death.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYoJH-HDwNyueoE67QfWIJ8s5XcOxpAdIHclmh7GMASi6avYzu41GCBQiCezvrh9CFMuFDyVw8wqbnKEw4i0UPUGrc5B2ItFG5JjjCIi7YtKjJ_g96MphbSk3xuacKUDU4C1wsQVGTyoQ/s1600/draco.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYoJH-HDwNyueoE67QfWIJ8s5XcOxpAdIHclmh7GMASi6avYzu41GCBQiCezvrh9CFMuFDyVw8wqbnKEw4i0UPUGrc5B2ItFG5JjjCIi7YtKjJ_g96MphbSk3xuacKUDU4C1wsQVGTyoQ/s1600/draco.jpg" height="301" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A founder by the name of <a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/2072">James Wilson</a> used the example
of Draco to argue that in a Republican government where Liberty is honored,
punishments ought to be mild. Mr. Wilson wrote, “The laws, which Draco framed
for Athens, are said emphatically to have been written in blood. What did they
produce? An aggravation of those very calamities, which they were intended to
remove.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Wilson reasoned that the continued application of harsh
punishment will, in time, “introduce and diffuse a hardened insensibility among
the citizens; and this insensibility, in its turn, gives occasion or pretence
to the farther extension and multiplication of those penalties. Thus one degree
of severity opens and smooths the way for another, till, at length, under the
specious appearance of necessary justice, a system of cruelty is established by
law.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWYY2uHiir5ZacrXGA1nHmbLg55JcZH_vT3HlOxtnZn4DUVAYRaTbXDOQDaZtKCuWlnBy-xnbYn7AgCB_v1rs4dCiZxZtJUoDkERA7Jx_8_PZlUt_Ho5NIRGk-ioGx2WeV6ptrRX_yYcs/s1600/salinas-swat.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWYY2uHiir5ZacrXGA1nHmbLg55JcZH_vT3HlOxtnZn4DUVAYRaTbXDOQDaZtKCuWlnBy-xnbYn7AgCB_v1rs4dCiZxZtJUoDkERA7Jx_8_PZlUt_Ho5NIRGk-ioGx2WeV6ptrRX_yYcs/s1600/salinas-swat.jpg" /></a>The events in Ferguson, Missouri attest to this fact of
human nature. When a police officer killed an unarmed civilian over a trivial
offense, this did not inspire the people of Ferguson to respect the law more
highly. We saw just the opposite: we saw riots and acts of defiance against the
law. Why? Because people who know that their lives are held cheap have nothing
to lose, nothing to fear, and nothing to hope for. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Likewise, one defense expert believes that “al-Qaida is
gaining strength in Pakistan, is stronger in Iraq than it was three or four
years ago and is stronger in Syria than it was a year or two ago (<a href="http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/strong-al-qaida-today/">source</a>).”
In another article, it is asserted that:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .6in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in;">
Drone strikes are causing more and more Yemenis to hate
America and join radical militants; they are not driven by ideology but rather
by a sense of revenge and despair. Robert Grenier, the former head of the
C.I.A.’s counterterrorism center, <a href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/05/201251071458557719.html?utm_source=Press+mailing+list&utm_campaign=f6f7c603ab-2012_05_11_drones_Munter_CIA&utm_medium=email">has
warned</a> that the American drone program in Yemen risks turning the country
into a safe haven for Al Qaeda like the tribal areas of Pakistan — “the Arabian
equivalent of Waziristan” (<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/14/opinion/how-drones-help-al-qaeda.html?_r=0">source</a>).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It is therefore reasonable to suppose that the so-called War
on Terror is intended only to suppress a population that has been taught to
hate us. As such, this war cannot end until the United States fails to maintain
control. We saw this in the British occupation of India. We saw this in the
U.S. occupation of South Vietnam. We are seeing this in Iraq and Afghanistan. It
was a lesson that the Roman Empire learned millennia ago. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjulT63fYXKhgZTlpjjJuhFCx3a0Dc_Wq07rKkXjNRBIt5lo9S6tLmRWkgF4omdUa0W8sDEkw2JwKycZq0Nhl6hxXtq5FDOgNLQtVQro2HMZuK8FM0Ukx1tKj1Cje5dycLsrBRse_2f8aE/s1600/ATV-prison-mass.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjulT63fYXKhgZTlpjjJuhFCx3a0Dc_Wq07rKkXjNRBIt5lo9S6tLmRWkgF4omdUa0W8sDEkw2JwKycZq0Nhl6hxXtq5FDOgNLQtVQro2HMZuK8FM0Ukx1tKj1Cje5dycLsrBRse_2f8aE/s1600/ATV-prison-mass.jpg" height="212" width="320" /></a>Returning to James Wilson’s argument against draconian law, “Such
a system is calculated to eradicate all the manly sentiments of the soul, and
to substitute, in their place, dispositions of the most depraved and degrading
kind. It is the parent of pusillanimity. A nation broke to [willing to
exercise] cruel punishments becomes dastardly and contemptible. For, in
nations, as well as individuals, cruelty is always attended by cowardice. It is
the parent of slavery. In every government, we find the genius of freedom
depressed in proportion to the sanguinary spirit of the laws. It is hostile to
the prosperity of nations, as well as to the dignity and virtue of men.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Wilson’s insight appears to describe the current situation
we face in the United States. And, in closing, it is of particular interest to
see what that great historian Plutarch had to say about the political situation
that led to Draco’s ascendency: </div>
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<br /></div>
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At that time … the disparity between the rich and the poor
had culminated, as it were, and the city was in an altogether perilous
condition; it seemed as if the only way to settle its disorders and stop its
turmoils was to establish a tyranny. All the common people were in debt to the
rich. For they either tilled their lands for them, paying them a sixth of the
increase … or else they pledged their persons for debts and could be seized by
their creditors, some becoming slaves at home, and others being sold into
foreign countries (<a href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plut.%20Sol.%2013.2&lang=original">source</a>).</div>
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<br />
And it also bears noting that Solon, who replaced Draco with the charge of correcting his predecessor's excesses, immediately granted mortgage amnesty, to eliminate the serfdom of the many at the hands of the few. Today, we still associate the name "Solon" with wisdom.</div>
Agishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05297300559991439052noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520077770573448711.post-14566817748424461552014-12-07T19:15:00.000-05:002014-12-07T19:15:38.146-05:00Making Sense of Ferguson<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Following the incident in Ferguson, Missouri, there is
reason to believe that police officers are free to murder civilians with
impunity. Granted, there is a difference of opinion on whether the officer who
killed Michael Brown was justified in doing so. And out of respect for this
difference of opinion, I am saying “reason to believe” even though my first
inclination was to write “definitive proof.” I won’t try to conceal my personal
bias, which rests on the conviction that people who possess lethal weapons have
a responsibility to use them with restraint, and to place a check on their own
cowardly impulse to kill rather than accept even the barest hint of danger to their
own safety.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In reflecting on the Ferguson killing, I
eventually realized that if one is to believe in some of the principles on
which this country is founded, one must have courage. It takes courage to
believe that a person is innocent until proven guilty. It takes courage to
believe that every citizen has a right to the due process of law. It takes
courage to accept a form of government that values the lives of all of its
citizens, as opposed to a form of government where force is absolute and
disobedience is not tolerated.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB9Apm4-VI027_VEWxBNQX8EgPUI3kP7S-4rpqvF_dZDYe5NmlwpoVxeO_b1z4GWK5-FMJMSwtZLBOQeoolTqbKvddgSHbRLKumD64DhiKIfzBB5jM8RRQokGrHJxbaQ6sM1xm7qyFw24/s1600/slaughter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB9Apm4-VI027_VEWxBNQX8EgPUI3kP7S-4rpqvF_dZDYe5NmlwpoVxeO_b1z4GWK5-FMJMSwtZLBOQeoolTqbKvddgSHbRLKumD64DhiKIfzBB5jM8RRQokGrHJxbaQ6sM1xm7qyFw24/s1600/slaughter.jpg" height="353" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When people lack courage, they won’t honestly admit to being
cowards. They won’t admit it, but they reject the credo, “He who sacrifices
freedom for security deserves neither.” Instead, they hide behind a veil of
self-righteousness. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The George Wallace
Republican</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
George Wallace is the archetypal conservative coward, who
was so frightened by the idea of black children mixing with white children that
he declared, “As your governor, I shall resist any illegal federal court order,
even to the point of standing at the schoolhouse door in person, if necessary.”
He was so frightened of civil disobedience that he said, “If any demonstrator
ever lays down in front of my car, it'll be the last car he'll ever lay down in
front of.” This is part of that same unfortunate tradition which goes back to
the Jim Crow era, in which blacks were punished for walking on the same side of
the street as whites.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The George Wallace Republican of today does not openly
espouse racist attitudes and may not see him- or herself as racist. To
illustrate the self-righteous attitude behind which moral cowardice lurks,
refer to Rod Dreher’s stunningly obtuse piece, titled <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://www.theamericanconservative.com/dreher/tips-for-not-getting-shot-by-cops/comment-page-2/">Tips
for Not Getting Shot by Cops</a></i>. It includes advice such as “When a police
officer tells you to stop walking down the middle of the road, do what he says.”
I agree that citizens ought to comply with police officers’ instructions, but
the article is galling in its failure to explain why it is that African
Americans keep getting killed by police when they have committed minor
infractions, or in the case of <a href="http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Eric-Garner-Chokehold-Police-Custody-Cause-of-Death-Staten-Island-Medical-Examiner-269396151.html">Eric
Garner</a>, they have committed no crime at all other than exhibiting <a href="http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=5823018">uppity</a> behavior. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Al Sharpton
Democrat</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Al Sharpton became famous in the 1980’s for championing the
cause of Tawana Brawley, a girl who claimed that she had been raped by five
white men. It turned out that Ms. Brawley <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/03/booming/revisiting-the-tawana-brawley-rape-scandal.html?_r=0">had
been lying about the whole thing</a>. Mr. Sharpton was not ashamed of having
tarnished the reputations of the falsely accused (among whom were a police
officer and district attorney), but has instead made a career of showing up wherever
an outrage against racial equality has occurred. Like the Biblical hypocrites,
he steals the limelight from the victims and parades his own high-mindedness in
front of the cameras. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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For a while, Ms. Brawley had been a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cause célèbre</i>. Celebrities including <a href="http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20099354,00.html">Bill
Cosby</a> offered a reward for evidence that would bring the rapists to
justice. Mr. Cosby was perhaps grateful for the opportunity to publicly demonstrate
his commendable attitudes. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Al Sharpton Democrat cares about racial injustice but enjoys a certain detachment. It is enough to declare one's opinion that the Michael Brown shooting was wrong. There is no reason to consider one's own complicity in creating a situation in which African American men are second class citizens who are feared and hated by the police officers who are charged with protecting them.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>One Whig’s Opinion</b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
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We live in a society where many people are disadvantaged.
And it is clear that a disproportionate number of the disadvantaged are members of racial or ethnic minority groups. Many people believe that the
situation can be best explained in terms of racism. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwgt20l4ep6KmH4Apnv7UFpzPos9mo1k55pYr5FIfumfEBAjT92aOI_9tBY4T285zUYBmT4pkFIF3PZUFmMvc-GHcbKDg5MzZFTTcBYsJPMlhVw47rERq18vpryUhMOhtP22aM4ghqijc/s1600/sheep.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwgt20l4ep6KmH4Apnv7UFpzPos9mo1k55pYr5FIfumfEBAjT92aOI_9tBY4T285zUYBmT4pkFIF3PZUFmMvc-GHcbKDg5MzZFTTcBYsJPMlhVw47rERq18vpryUhMOhtP22aM4ghqijc/s1600/sheep.jpg" height="320" width="212" /></a>It is
possible, however, that the root of the problem is the ongoing program by a
privileged few to control the means of enjoying political influence and wealth.
The privileged few may be composed of a disproportionate number of whites. Yet, the problem is not intrinsically a problem of race. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Whites are not exempt from suffering extreme political and
economic disadvantage. Nor can we expect that privileged black people will remember and take to heart the historical legacy of their race (<a href="http://sports.politicususa.com/2014/12/05/charles-barkley-says-he-doesnt-know-if-slavery-was-really-all-that-bad.html">example</a>). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Although it is almost certainly true that Michael Brown would not
have been killed if he had been white, there are two ways of viewing
this situation. The more popular view is that this is strictly a matter of
race; thus, whites do not need to worry about being shot in the street like dogs. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The less popular view is that the injustice that we allow blacks to
suffer will, in time, be suffered by whites. The political and economic disadvantage that others suffer, we will suffer in time. And we may someday lament the fact
that the American people did not declare with firmness and unanimity that the
death of Michael Brown was an injustice that can never be repeated.</div>
Agishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05297300559991439052noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520077770573448711.post-9724718323330503162014-11-16T18:16:00.000-05:002014-11-16T23:33:14.900-05:00Contempt Toward the Electorate is a Proof of Despotism<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
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The fear of the LORD is to hate evil: pride, and arrogance,
and the evil way, and the fraudulent mouth, do I hate. – Proverbs, 8:13<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Recently, an architect of Obamacare by the name of Jonathan
Gruber became an Internet sensation. A video shows him passionately explaining
to an audience why a “lack of transparency” is key to the success of
legislation. I understand and respect the point of view of Mr. Gruber’s
defenders. It is true that legislation need not be clearly stated in order to
benefit the public good. As society becomes more complex, the solutions to
social problems are liable to become more complex as well. It is highly
unlikely that every member of the voting public will have a full grasp of what
it is he or she is supporting or opposing. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But I also understand the point of view of his detractors. It
is troubling that the ordinary voter cannot independently evaluate the merits
of the Obamacare legislation unless he or she has a law degree or an in-depth
knowledge of health economics. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What is more troubling is that Mr. Gruber’s attitude
displays a “we know what is best for the voters even if the voters do not know
what is best for them” attitude. The latter reminds me of Heraclitus’ adage: “beasts
are driven by blows to pasture.” The voters, then, are dumb brutes, led in the
right direction by the judicious application of the shepherd’s staff. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
If he thinks so little of the public, can we be confident
that he has the best interests of the public at heart? And more to the point, if there is any element of truth to the notion that voters are incompetent to govern themselves, why is this so? Is it the fault of the American people, or is this the result of designing political leaders who wish to draw more power onto themselves?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn5o8WL4Nb6lHBZHLyF2fgXGOwDAd79GBFvEFnQmsacGGt-KgrEHdBHhFOyF_QKxuYGLpprI1WQ2bprFfiQv3HG4G7aaYJDZNeTk-rqG5hlfFy8G-y2ttDdQPOJBovZdsVK4ZI63zH3sk/s1600/Tocquevillealt.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn5o8WL4Nb6lHBZHLyF2fgXGOwDAd79GBFvEFnQmsacGGt-KgrEHdBHhFOyF_QKxuYGLpprI1WQ2bprFfiQv3HG4G7aaYJDZNeTk-rqG5hlfFy8G-y2ttDdQPOJBovZdsVK4ZI63zH3sk/s1600/Tocquevillealt.gif" height="342" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Gruber video played nicely into an article of faith long
held by conservatives: namely, that liberals are elitists. By implication,
conservatives are more in tune with the sensibilities of voters who have not
had the benefit of an Ivy League education, or the cultural advantages that
come from being born in a Blue State. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It bears noting that contempt for voters is not confined to
liberals. During the 2012 election, Mr. Romney’s advisor Eric Fehrnstrom said
on CNN, “Everything changes … “It’s almost like an <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Etch A Sketch</i>. You can kind of shake it up and restart all over
again.” He was alluding to voters’ short memories. Words had been said during
the primaries that Romney could afford to forget about during the general
election. There was also that caught-on-tape moment of Romney candor, when the
candidate himself dismissed 47% of the electorate as unworthy of consideration. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mr. Romney is an unusual case, however. He is unusually
outspoken – a veritable Marie Antoinette of the Republican Party. He was
visibly distressed at having to mix with the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hoi polloi</i> during his campaign for office, when he would’ve been
much happier attending dressage events or playing with his vast collection of luxury
antique and modern automobiles. What is more common is for Republicans to don
the mantle of folksiness. We saw that with George W. Bush, the Connecticut-raised
plutocrat who cultivated a Texan twang and mangled the English language, and
Ronald Reagan, who could neutralize a hard fact simply by smiling at it. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Typically, conservatives express contempt for voters by
making ostensibly factual statements which insult the voters’ intelligence. For
example, they’ve been saying that the United States is on the verge of being
invaded by members of the Islamic State crossing the Mexican border. This is an
absurd statement, both because there is a complete absence of any evidence in
support of the claim, and because IS members who wished to visit the United
States wouldn’t need to climb over the fence between Mexico and the U.S. but could
simply use their legal passports and fly in on commercial flights (<a href="http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2014/sep/17/trent-franks/isis-mexico-and-planning-cross-border/">source</a>). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Do Voters Really Believe That?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Now, I am going to suggest that American voters ought to get
more respect. But I can’t honestly press that case without acknowledging that
voters are willing to accept a lot of far-fetched ideas. Whether it is an ISIS
invasion through Mexico or the idea of government-appointed Death Panels or
anything coming from the mouth of Michele Bachmann, there seems to be no limit
to what some people are willing to believe. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Let’s start with the idea of Death Panels. Lots of
conservatives seemed to believe the claim that the Obamacare legislation
contained a provision mandating that health care providers try to press senior
citizens to opt for euthanasia. If a voter lacks formal education, is told this
by elected political leaders, and is surrounded by people who are saying this
is true, then it is really no surprise that the voter ends up believing it. But
really, it doesn’t matter how smart you are, if you are surrounded by false
information you are apt to believe some of it. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
And that whole idea of Death Panels was true, in a certain
light. Obamacare really is a frightening thing. The idea of Death Panels is
valid insofar as it conveys the emotional truth, “There are provisions lurking
beneath the surface that are liable to harm us.” Honestly, I wished more people
had been paying attention to the omens. Americans have been placed under a
legal obligation to give their hard-earned money over to private insurance
companies, and the economic incentives are such that insurance companies will
try to trim benefits, increase rates, and kick people off the plan (which in
fact happened during the initial roll-out, despite the fact that Obamacare was supposedly
guaranteed to all who qualified). Being turned down for benefits or knocked off
a medical plan can, and does, kill people. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In other words, there are different kinds of intelligence. A
formally-educated person can grasp technical language and abstract ideas, but still be fooled by articulate lies. A person may lack formal education but nonetheless know the different between an honest deal and a con. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mind you, it’s not just Republicans who believe crazy ideas. Democrats
believe that handing health insurance over to private insurers is “health care
reform.” That’s kind of like believing, “we ought to leave bank regulation to
people who used to work for <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Goldman Sachs</i>
and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">J.P. Morgan</i>” – oh wait, people
actually do believe that. OR rather, we could assume that the people who voted
for Obama in 2012 believe that this is a wise course, because that is exactly what
Obama did during his first term (<a href="http://www.salon.com/2009/04/04/summers/">source</a>). And Republican
members of Congress have gone along with this. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The bottom line: if you’ve voted Republican or Democrat in
recent years, you <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">must</i> believe that
foxes are ideal candidates for guarding hen-houses. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Unfortunate Truth</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Political scientists at Princeton recently completed an
in-depth study of the American political process. They concluded that when a
majority of voters favor a position that is at odds with the position favored
by <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">economic elites and/or with organized
interests, even when they favor it by a large majority, they usually lose (<a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-echochambers-27074746">source</a>). This
speaks to the closing point of this essay: namely, that corruption has become a
defining feature of the political process in this country. In taking stock of
the facts, one is inevitably drawn to the conclusion that this corruption must
exist in both political parties. </span></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGybiJd0LcaSHJGDNFpc89aN3dNLp4CdPTHo1bPkcl3bc7wqX2i0WT9E1dubBxLOu5rRCcz0w3BmZ7YLA_5O6f6g22vGMgcwg8E2NibonM_STdAt9UGnu1Mi6G1SjEhjR57kzLETdpmjs/s1600/how+we+vote.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGybiJd0LcaSHJGDNFpc89aN3dNLp4CdPTHo1bPkcl3bc7wqX2i0WT9E1dubBxLOu5rRCcz0w3BmZ7YLA_5O6f6g22vGMgcwg8E2NibonM_STdAt9UGnu1Mi6G1SjEhjR57kzLETdpmjs/s1600/how+we+vote.JPG" height="400" width="283" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Styles of voting</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span id="goog_1604712035"></span><span id="goog_1604712036"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Political leaders
are contemptuous of the average intelligence of the American public, but the
wisdom of the public is nonetheless demonstrated by the fact that it clearly
recognizes the existence of widespread corruption. A majority of Americans, for
example, favor campaign finance reform (<a href="http://time.com/3063942/poll-support-for-campaign-finance-reform-strong-in-key-senate-races/">source</a>).
A majority of Americans believe that the economy would be revitalized by means
of public investment in infrastructure (<a href="https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/public-opinion/news/2012/09/04/35992/public-opinion-snapshot-public-supports-infrastructure-spending-to-create-jobs/">source</a>).
A majority believe that defense spending is too high (<a href="http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2012/05/defence-spending-cuts">source</a>).
A majority understand that Obamacare would have been of far greater benefit to
the American people if private insurers had been forced to compete against
public providers of health care (<a href="http://www.cbsnews.com/news/poll-support-for-public-option-grows/">source</a>). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">As expressed by one
political analyst, ordinary voters understand that “the fix is in” and that
they are “</span>powerless in an economy run for the benefit of the rich and
well-connected (<a href="http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2014/11/big-money-politics">source</a>).”
Our political leaders know full well that the country is under the control of
oligarchs. When our leaders display contempt for the intelligence of the
American voter, they are letting slip the arrogance of power, and revealing the
true face of despotism. Aristotle said that “governments which have a regard to
the common interest are constituted in accordance with strict principles of
justice, and are therefore true forms; but those which regard only the interest
of the rulers are all defective and perverted forms, for they are despotic.”<br />
<br />
I'd be far more willing to trust in legislation that I cannot fully comprehend if I were confident that our leaders were not corrupt. As it stands, it is best that legislation be as simple and transparent as possible. </div>
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<br /></div>
Agishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05297300559991439052noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520077770573448711.post-88016658436048007942014-09-23T19:29:00.000-04:002014-09-23T19:32:56.985-04:00To the Person Sitting in Darkness<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
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The title of this blog refers to an <a href="http://xroads.virginia.edu/~DRBR/sitting.html">essay of the same name</a>
written by Mark Twain in 1901. Twain wrote the essay during the McKinley
administration and likened American imperialism to a trust – which is to say, a
monopoly. “The Blessings-of-Civilization Trust, wisely and cautiously
administered, is a Daisy. There is more money in it, more territory, more
sovereignty, and other kinds of emolument, than there is in any other game that
is played.” </div>
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And Twain was also cognizant of what the American people had
been led to believe. Namely, that American military adventures abroad – first in
Cuba, later in the Philippines – were motivated by the following lofty ideals.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix4Ll93xyxBTBnXyDOmYq6XA_cB3UZ0BeJPjDhHTRGbn_s1-c8YkUb6k5qwa9ibp8Dr17v3GbJ2akwDoz2MgTMXoErmPsXNZeqJngwOE3dC3b-y4BZSPh56vHh2iP8tdZAfH7AJBGOKJk/s1600/twain.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix4Ll93xyxBTBnXyDOmYq6XA_cB3UZ0BeJPjDhHTRGbn_s1-c8YkUb6k5qwa9ibp8Dr17v3GbJ2akwDoz2MgTMXoErmPsXNZeqJngwOE3dC3b-y4BZSPh56vHh2iP8tdZAfH7AJBGOKJk/s1600/twain.JPG" height="118" width="400" /></a></div>
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Why am I bringing this up? The McKinley administration was a
long time ago. What’s past is past, you might say. The McKinley Era is long over.
But, as any honest Whig will tell you, the past is always present. </div>
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Blessed with the benefit of hindsight, there’s no mistaking
what McKinley was about. McKinley was beholden to Mark Hanna. Hanna was a
businessman-politician who orchestrated McKinley's campaign for the presidency,
hired skilled orators to stump for McKinley, and collected generous campaign contributions
from the heads of Big Business. </div>
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McKinley’s opponent, Democrat William Jennings Bryan, had
this to say, </div>
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“When I say that the contest of 1900 is a contest between
Democracy on the one hand and plutocracy on the other I do not mean to say that
all our opponents have deliberately chosen to give to organized wealth a
predominating influence in the affairs of the Government, but I do assert that
on the important issues of the day the Republican party is dominated by those
influences which constantly tend to substitute the worship of mammon for the
protection of the rights of man.”</div>
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It’s no coincidence that McKinley was both a tool of Big
Business and an imperialist. He sent American troops to fight and die in Cuba
so that American companies could protect their economic interests there. One
soldier went to the Philippines believing in lofty ideals but when he left the
battlefield he said, “<span class="maintext">We came here to help, not to
slaughter, these natives ... I cannot see that we are fighting for any
principle now (<a href="http://unitedstatesimperialism.wordpress.com/the-philippines/">source</a>).”</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSjU8fuAD22tNj37zdO-k79d-lVXXH9q7iWbfIMyMj1BnIRnb4ih1y7CTkEHO38YhpKzp1Pc56hxkaZkursprNnhhaD4zGFB4K1fZNIZWH6vRF0Vs_Kd2ZI7XQOU1JSqSvOht0zFCeF5g/s1600/2012-Spring-Oregon-History-Cartoonist-Homer-Davenport-Labor-cartoon_fitbox_640x1200.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSjU8fuAD22tNj37zdO-k79d-lVXXH9q7iWbfIMyMj1BnIRnb4ih1y7CTkEHO38YhpKzp1Pc56hxkaZkursprNnhhaD4zGFB4K1fZNIZWH6vRF0Vs_Kd2ZI7XQOU1JSqSvOht0zFCeF5g/s1600/2012-Spring-Oregon-History-Cartoonist-Homer-Davenport-Labor-cartoon_fitbox_640x1200.jpg" height="400" width="316" /></a></div>
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While American soldiers were advancing imperialist aims
abroad, Mark Hanna took care of the domestic front. Now, any Texas school book will tell you that Mr. Hanna was a friend to labor. It is true that he supported labor unions, but at the time, workers were breaking out in spontaneous riots owing to their deplorable working conditions, and compared to that, unions seemed preferable. And Hanna very convincingly stood up for decent working conditions.<br />
<br />
Nonetheless, Mark Hanna took money from Standard Oil and other monopolies. The
plutocrats wanted nothing more fervently than to deny William Jennings
Bryan the presidency. This makes sense. They could not abide Bryan, who once
said, </div>
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“Are you rich? If yes, how did you get rich? Is somebody else
poor because you are rich? Are you rich because somebody else was willing to
work while you loafed around? Did you get rich by taking from the man who
worked for you four-fifths of all he produced? If yes, is that sort of thing
creditable to you? When you started out to get rich why didn't you do it by
working yourself? Couldn't you get rich without stealing what another produced
(<a href="http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/trusts.html">source</a>)?”</div>
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Words like those are simply too coarse and distasteful to
the ear of an aristocrat. </div>
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Mark Twain and William Jennings Bryan were both members of
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anti-Imperialist League</i>. And it
bears emphasis that another members was labor leader Samuel Gompers. Members of
the league believed – in the words of their leader, George Stalwart Boutwell, that:</div>
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Every ambitious would-be empire clarions it abroad that she
is conquering the world to bring it peace, security and freedom, and is
sacrificing her sons only for the most noble and humanitarian purposes.</div>
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That is a lie, and it is an ancient lie, yet generations
still rise and believe it! If America ever does seek Empire, and most nations
do, then planned reforms in our domestic life will be abandoned, States Rights
will be abolished in order to impose a centralized government upon us for the
purpose of internal repudiation of freedom, and adventures abroad.</div>
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The American Dream will then die—on battlefields all over the
world—and a nation conceived in liberty will destroy liberty for Americans and
impose tyranny on subject nations.</div>
Agishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05297300559991439052noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520077770573448711.post-61893832414548147212014-09-10T23:15:00.001-04:002014-09-10T23:15:52.588-04:00A Very Brief Post on the Anniversary of 9-11. As has been customary at the <i>New Independent Whig</i>, I try to say something meaningful on the anniversary of the horrific events of 9-11-2001. But words fail me. I'll share a few disconnected thoughts. <br /><br />I could say that the current partisan political environment dishonors the dead. A government divided against itself cannot marshal the wisdom and resolve that are required to make our country a safer place and prevent future acts of terror. <br /><br />The rise of ISIS, which experts claim is a more deadly threat than Al Qaeda, shows that our 13 year "war on terror" has not had the desired effect. Or maybe it is, in the minds of world leaders, a momentary setback in their continual vying for control over international oil supplies. Money that could be spent on saving lives or building a better America will instead be spent on weapons. The weapons will destroy lives and properties, but they will also create a new generation of people who hate America and want to do her harm.<br /><br />An event like that of 9-11-2001 will inspire an impulse to turn it into a symbol. Maybe historians will remember it as emblematic of a period in American history in which the American government has stopped caring about the American people. Or it will be remembered as emblematic of the time when America, like Rome before her, decided to declare war on the world.<br />
<br />
Let's pray for the dead and commit ourselves to trying to make America a better place. <br />Agishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05297300559991439052noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520077770573448711.post-28989315487769393672014-07-26T17:24:00.001-04:002014-08-03T18:40:03.067-04:00Why is America Pro-Israel?<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Based on public opinion polls, America is one of only a very few
countries in which at least half of respondents report favorable attitudes toward
Israel. And in terms of international policy, the U.S. frequently finds itself
alone among members of the United Nations in defending Israel’s actions.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Most recently, U.N. Secretary-General Ban has said, “My
message to Israelis and Palestinians is the same: Stop fighting. Start talking.
And take on the root causes of the conflict, so we are not back to the same
situation in another six months or a year,” adding “We must address these
underlying issues – including mutual recognition, occupation, despair and the
denial of dignity – so people do not feel they have to resort to violence as a
means of expressing their grievances.” </div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhi0-sAkwE-JXv2wUU8kRzInnAixBvODxP3G3TyxMOExNhZ7cUur9lgmyq0tP_zojTjhiDUS7yonh0OxmLEoojVzFkGmULvrv0t401ZH8iiEkcSAd8PrL26AbJtgiPWMilBxo3TbHtqOmI/s1600/ShowImage.ashx.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhi0-sAkwE-JXv2wUU8kRzInnAixBvODxP3G3TyxMOExNhZ7cUur9lgmyq0tP_zojTjhiDUS7yonh0OxmLEoojVzFkGmULvrv0t401ZH8iiEkcSAd8PrL26AbJtgiPWMilBxo3TbHtqOmI/s1600/ShowImage.ashx.jpg" height="640" width="348" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Public Opinion Toward Israel</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
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Secretary-General Ban’s appraisal of the situation is, in the
opinion of this writer, eminently reasonable. According to this view, both
sides share blame for the current situation and both sides share responsibility
for improving the situation. But when the Secretary-General mentions occupation
and the denial of dignity, he is revealing an acute sensitivity to the plight
of the Palestinian people who have been effectively imprisoned within a
blockaded Gaza. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Ever since that blockade, Gazans have been unable to import
food or building materials, unable to travel, and forced to rely on a tattered
infrastructure. And it bears emphasizing that Israeli defense forces have
repeatedly targeted infrastructure. They tore up the airport that the
international community had helped to build. They’ve blown up the power
stations that provide electricity to the Gazan people and the treatment plants
that provide them with water to drink. </div>
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<br /></div>
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The U.S. position, in contrast, states unequivocally that
Israel has the right to defend itself, and ignores the question of whether the
Palestinian people also have the right to defend themselves. National Security Advisor Susan Rice declared,
when speaking to <a href="http://www.aipac.org/">AIPAC</a>, her contempt for
the many international agencies which deplore the abuses of the Palestinian
people. “When pre-cooked anti-Israel resolutions come up by the dozen at the
Human Rights Council, the General Assembly, UNESCO, and elsewhere, we
consistently oppose them, and we press others to do the same (<a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2012/03/08/ambassador-susan-rices-remarks-aipac-synagogue-initiative-lunch">source</a>).” </div>
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Returning to the earlier question regarding public opinion,
I’ve included a graph from the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://www.jpost.com/National-News/Poll-Israel-viewed-negatively-around-the-world">Jerusalem
Post</a></i>. It shows that, in many nations, 25% or less of the population is
favorable toward Israel, and typically, large numbers report distinctively
unfavorable views toward Israel. In trying to discern a pattern, one can look
at nations which are unusually supportive of Israel such as Nigeria. In that
country, the Igbo people are the third largest ethnic group, and they identify
as Jewish (even though they are not recognized as such by Israel's Rabbinate).
Kenya has a large Christian population and correspondingly very few Muslims; and indeed, it has struggled with an insurgent Muslim population just as Israel has had to do.
Generally, countries with large Muslim populations are harsh in their
assessment of Israel. Pakistan, Indonesia, Ghana, and Egypt are examples. </div>
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Now, the rough correlation between Muslim influence and
negative attitudes toward Israel should come as no surprise. Muslims will naturally
exhibit sympathy toward their co-religionists in Gaza and the West Bank. The
Arabs and the Jews have historically had a contentious relationship, to put it
mildly. But it also bears pointing out that when Jews were subject to
persecution, Arabs in Spain gave them sanctuary. </div>
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The reverse does not appear to be the case. Some countries
are pro-Israel despite having small Jewish populations. The United States, for
example, has a very small Jewish population in comparison to its total
population. However, AIPAC has an indisputably powerful influence over
legislation and public policy. Recently, the United States Senate unanimously
voted in favor of a resolution supporting Israel in the latest Gazan conflict (<a href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.606183">source</a>). The
resolution reaffirms U.S. “support for Israel’s right to defend its citizens
and ensure the survival of the State of Israel” and places the onus for ending
the conflict on Hamas. The unanimous resolution demonstrates that regardless of
whether one is a Republican or a Democrat – and even, in the case of Bernie
Sanders, a Socialist – a U.S. Senator will unequivocally throw his or her
support behind Israel. There may be some lip-service given to the necessity of
addressing the suffering faced by Palestinian civilians, but that is where it
ends. </div>
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Now, even if we were to suppose that one-sided support for
Israel is the correct choice, it is hard to recall instances in which the U.S.
Senate is unanimous in support of anything. The resolution marking Martin
Luther King Day as a federal holiday was not unanimous, and neither was a
resolution in support of an Equal Rights Amendment. One could not expect
unanimous support if there were a resolution favoring Darwin’s theory of
evolution over Biblical creationism in public schools. </div>
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It may be the case that the sheer uniformity of bipartisan
support for Israel has encouraged the American people to be more strongly
pro-Israel than one would otherwise expect. The American people are not
troubled by the fact that Israel is second only to Afghanistan in terms of the
amount of U.S. foreign aid it receives (over $3 billion per year). The American
people do not question how Israel uses that money, but they will question how Palestinians
use foreign aid money. </div>
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This brings us back to the matter of AIPAC. It turns out
that the remarkable effectiveness of AIPAC in influencing U.S. policy is
related to the massive amounts of money AIPAC has at its disposal. To
understand where that money comes from, consider this quote from AIPAC employee
Keith Weissman: “Prince Bandar used to send us messages. I used to meet with
Adel al-Jubeir a couple times a year. Adel used to joke that if we could force
an American embargo on Iranian oil, he'd buy us all Mercedes! Because Saudi
[Arabia] would have had the excess capacity to make up for Iran at that time (<a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2011/06/aipac-from-the-inside-1-isolating-iran.html#ixzz38buAd1Xf">source</a>).” </div>
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John Kerry, who sometimes gives the impression of being well-intentioned, hired Mel Levine to be a top advisor on Middle East issues. Mr. Levine is a former AIPAC board member (<a href="http://www.wrmea.org/wrmea-archives/265-washington-report-archives-2000-2005/october-2004/8912-election-watch-kerry-names-former-congressman-aipac-board-member-mel-levine-as-top-mideast-adviser.html">source</a>). Thus, an example of the infamous revolving door.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbXzJU2p4uJntoznpTNqq6HnPsMlKanqGAf8Z8sLV5lJpiFbvy6gfhyWAeA9oRTz0BHKfDOvquLdH8WJ_OjY00YKF-CkXczot4BQISfDGPW4q_Tfnidsz28jLBV-ok_xRQGFTI2_xBlrA/s1600/AIPAC.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbXzJU2p4uJntoznpTNqq6HnPsMlKanqGAf8Z8sLV5lJpiFbvy6gfhyWAeA9oRTz0BHKfDOvquLdH8WJ_OjY00YKF-CkXczot4BQISfDGPW4q_Tfnidsz28jLBV-ok_xRQGFTI2_xBlrA/s1600/AIPAC.png" height="92" width="320" /></a></div>
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And indeed, when AIPAC sought to starve Iran of oil revenues, it allied itself
with the oil lobby in an effort to win U.S. support for a key oil pipeline running
from Azerbaijan, bypassing Iran, and terminating at Turkish ports on the
Mediterranean. </div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
AIPAC is directly responsible for the circulation in
the U.S. news media of certain memes which bias Americans against the
Palestinians. One need only visit the AIPAC website to be confronted by a giant
headline reading, “Hamas uses children as human shields.” This meme helpfully
minimizes American concern that Israel’s attacks on Gaza are less “pinpoint”
than the Israeli government claims. It also reminds many Americans of that
villain of yore, Saddam Hussein, who was also charged with using human shields.
And an American consumer of mainstream news may be easily persuaded that these
heinous acts are typical Arab behavior.<br />
<br />
I am not alone in supposing that AIPAC explains American policy (and perhaps public opinion) regarding Israel. An expert on international affairs recently stated that AIPAC is the only explanation that makes sense (<a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stephen-m-walt/aipac-americas-israel-policy_b_5607883.html">source</a>).<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB5g7cEMK400cfu4qS8MMlEL8zKzmREp0d5bxA4eyzHdlM2NR2Z9gAzXZGtw00trsI5KRvP0u8LMre6B3cOgnm_SSfbtMOAsL0Mz9DABWmXYHw0Mr44q9kA98Bl1fEk8S2hNhl1tqJg_Q/s1600/120322_ss_romney_aipac_reu_328_605.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB5g7cEMK400cfu4qS8MMlEL8zKzmREp0d5bxA4eyzHdlM2NR2Z9gAzXZGtw00trsI5KRvP0u8LMre6B3cOgnm_SSfbtMOAsL0Mz9DABWmXYHw0Mr44q9kA98Bl1fEk8S2hNhl1tqJg_Q/s1600/120322_ss_romney_aipac_reu_328_605.jpg" height="215" width="400" /></a></div>
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Finally, turning back to that international comparison
of public opinion on Israel, one may see that Southeast Asian countries such as
South Korea and Japan hold Israel in low esteem. Japan’s official stance on the
Middle East crisis can be traced back to 1973. During the oil crisis, Japan
recognized its severe dependency on Middle Eastern oil and chose to join the
Arab boycott of Israel. And so, one may conjecture, just as the oil industry
indirectly shapes American popular opinion, the same may be true of Japan (but
with a different result). One may be reminded of Spinoza's quote, "we do not desire a thing because it is good. A thing is good because we desire it."<br />
<br />
Further reading: An excellent analysis of the illegality of Israel's occupation of Gaza may be found <a href="http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/7/gaza-israel-internationalpoliticsunicc.html">here</a>. </div>
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Agishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05297300559991439052noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520077770573448711.post-83331195713684144942014-07-11T13:55:00.003-04:002014-07-11T13:55:40.045-04:00The Rights of Man [Humanity] <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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On July 11, 1789 the Marquis Lafayette recommended to the
National Assembly that they enact a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Declaration
of the Rights of Man</i>. This idea came to fruition during Lafayettes’s long friendship
with George Washington and Thomas Jefferson and his first-hand exposure to the still
relatively new U.S. Constitution and state constitutions. In this short essay,
I remember the Declaration and speak briefly about the political and economic
situation that gave rise to it.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Lafayette was in the enviable position of having these
American documents as a starting point, and the Declaration of the Rights of
Man is more explicit in its language. It clearly identifies “ignorance,
neglect, or contempt of the rights of man” as the sole cause of political and
economic calamities and the corruption of government. </div>
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<br /></div>
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The purpose of the document is also clearly stated: the
rights mentioned the Declaration, “being constantly before all the members of
the Social body, shall remind them continually of their rights and duties; in
order that the acts of the legislative power, as well as those of the executive
power, may be compared at any moment with the objects and purposes of all
political institutions and may thus be more respected.” The subtext here is of interest.
Lafayette clearly expects that ordinary citizens will be able to understand
their rights and decide whether the courts and other organs of government are
protecting these rights. It is supposed to be a means by which the people can
demand a measure of accountability from their political leaders. </div>
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<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiACyp8wXH0_1VTNwB17jL6PaZyA95oS-_az5AHYn00YejFBZB6UbcP_cKX0yfUknFbRgfLXXPsRLhhnXDtgwHc4TSP70Tk7Pak2RPkSEEzpu1vOJHSplCFSr0R66eoltQDh6q-ejbhPI/s1600/anonymous-a-criticism-of-the-orders-of-society-second-half-of-the-18th-century.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiACyp8wXH0_1VTNwB17jL6PaZyA95oS-_az5AHYn00YejFBZB6UbcP_cKX0yfUknFbRgfLXXPsRLhhnXDtgwHc4TSP70Tk7Pak2RPkSEEzpu1vOJHSplCFSr0R66eoltQDh6q-ejbhPI/s1600/anonymous-a-criticism-of-the-orders-of-society-second-half-of-the-18th-century.jpeg" height="320" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The First and Second Estate, crushing the Third.</td></tr>
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More to the point, however, is that the French Declaration
squarely takes aim at the abuses of power by privileged nobles: “Men are born
and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only
upon the general good.” Social distinctions – such as titles of nobility – were
routinely abused during the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ancien regime</i>.</div>
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<br /></div>
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With regard to taxation, the Declaration stated, “a common
contribution is essential for the maintenance of the public forces and for the
cost of administration. This should be equitably distributed among all the
citizens in proportion to their means.”</div>
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<br /></div>
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The Declaration also stated, “The aim of all political
association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of
man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to
oppression.” The resemblance to American conceptions of Natural Rights is
plain, but that added phrase – “resistance to oppression” – is remarkable. When
these words were heard by members of the French colonies and in particular Haitian
slaves, it sparked revolution abroad. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGDv5jcCZpYvf6dX4FdVZJuq7TDaGPk1ez7TMqJye6iHHkIC1H7Di_Km_Z0-12Sjm0qMACjvT-bo-3aLe218T2G3YakeBTEod00GmHyqvaP-39FdcWGN8iN3dTiEJfZGcA43HIuGMsl6Y/s1600/Third_estateAtlas1789.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGDv5jcCZpYvf6dX4FdVZJuq7TDaGPk1ez7TMqJye6iHHkIC1H7Di_Km_Z0-12Sjm0qMACjvT-bo-3aLe218T2G3YakeBTEod00GmHyqvaP-39FdcWGN8iN3dTiEJfZGcA43HIuGMsl6Y/s1600/Third_estateAtlas1789.jpg" height="400" width="297" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The martial and clerical orders, doing nothing to ease the burden.</td></tr>
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Unmistakably, the Declaration was
a response to the prevailing situation in France during the 1780’s. The country
was, in a word, bankrupt. The king was obliged to indefinitely postpone the
repayment of debt and made arbitrary reductions to interest rates. Thomas
Jefferson, in Paris in 1788, observed with horror Louis XVI's incompetence in
allowing the “wheels of government, even in its most essential movements,” to
stop for lack of money. </div>
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An article of the Declaration reads, “Society has the right
to require of every public agent an account of his administration,” and the
motivation behind this is clear. The Royal Government had kept its expenditures
and accounting practices under strict secrecy, and secrecy invites abuses. </div>
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Still, one may ask, how had one of
the most prosperous countries in the world come to the brink of economic
collapse? The Crown had squandered public money on a succession of wars. Vast
sums were spent building vast mansions for members of royalty. Gold-plated <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">putti</i> were being churned out by the
dozens. The king had 100 personal servants and his own choir to brighten up his
mornings, performing a new song each day. If he chose, he could hunt in his
private, well-stocked hunting grounds. </div>
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The government also freely gave up
sources of revenue by exempting the wealthiest members of society from the
requirement to pay taxes. Members of the First Estate, the clergy, were not
only exempt from paying taxes but had the right to levy taxes and collect dues
from their serfs. Because they owned 10% of all the land in France, they were
in a very strong position to use their power as rentiers to accumulate wealth
and prevent new entrants (e.g., small land-holders) from competing with them.</div>
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Members of the Second estate, the
aristocracy, likewise benefited from the twin blessings of being tax exempt and
able to levy taxes without the consent of the people. By virtue of having
documents attesting to their privileged status, they were granted preferment in
terms of employment and financial services. Tradesmen dared not ask a noble for
money up front, and as a result were easily swindled by nobles who’d gambled
and whored away their wealth. Members of neither the First nor Second Estate
were required to perform military service and were granted legal authority over
the serfs occupying their lands.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Part of the problem came from the
fact that the membership of the Third Estate – that is, the 99% – had already
been bled dry. They had no more money to give up in the form of taxes. Nearly
every commercial and economic activity had its own tax. And although the
country had at first managed to escape mass unemployment, but before long the
floodgates were opened to cheap foreign imports. As a predictable result, domestic
manufacturing declined and the ranks of the jobless grew.</div>
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<br /></div>
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In reflecting on the political
context in which the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Declaration of the
Rights of Man</i> appeared, and those words, “resistance to oppression,” one
may wonder how many ordinary French truly grasped that they were being
oppressed. After all, it is easy enough to say “this is how it has always been”
and decide that poverty and disenfranchisement does not constitute oppression but
is merely part of the natural order of things. Even when a country squanders
its way into massive debt and puts off its obligations to pay back its debt, engages
in a succession of costly military adventures abroad, permits the accounting of
public money to occur under a veil of secrecy and obscurantism, allows the favored
few to pay no taxes at all even as it heaps new forms of taxation on those who
are least able to pay, and deprives the people of any meaningful interest on
their savings, is it oppression? Or is it necessary to allow the situation to
deteriorate further, to a state of endemic starvation and the brutal suppression
of dissent? </div>
Agishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05297300559991439052noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520077770573448711.post-11001136079405481082014-07-04T16:10:00.004-04:002014-07-05T09:54:37.900-04:00Liberty and Slavery<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Some academics, the ones who have allowed sanctimony and
self-interest to subdue their intellect, will say that the fact that many of
our Founders held slaves is enough to cast their collective integrity in doubt. The day will
come when our descendants look back on us and pronounce similar judgments. “How
could Americans, who fought and died in the Civil War, choose to resurrect the
institution of slavery in foreign lands? How could they countenance child labor
and despotism in China and Mexico, and pretend that it has nothing to do with
them?” This is only to say, when we judge others, we are usually giving ourselves too much credit.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Nonetheless, it does warrant reflection that some of the Founders
held slaves even as they championed Republican virtue and liberty. But it is wrong
to impugn the integrity of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">all</i> the
Founders on this account. John Adams provided a moral example: he never owned a
slave. George Washington believed that if he freed his own slaves they’d be
enslaved by others, and chose to keep them and treat them humanely. Others among the
Founders, such as John Jay and Thomas Paine, were leaders of the earliest
abolitionist societies in America and spoke out for abolition even when doing
so threatened their livelihoods and social standing. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The reason for bringing up the question of slavery on a day
that ought to be reserved for celebration is this: there is a lesson to be
learned from Benjamin Franklin’s evolving attitudes toward slavery. It is a
lesson that is very germane to the spirit of liberty which we honor on the 4<sup>th</sup>
of July. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For a portion of his life, and despite his passion for scientific
rigor and undeniable genius, Benjamin Franklin believed that Africans were an
inferior race. However, the historical record shows that he became increasingly
aware of the arguments of the anti-slavery writers starting at around the 1730s,
his attitudes underwent a change during the 1760s, and that his final writings consisted
of appeals to end slavery and polemics aimed at elected representatives who hypocritically
defended slavery as a “states’ rights” issue while personally profiting from
the institution of slavery.<br />
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</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYDa3wDe4ekhBWzmAkW2L_Sthh9nDc3ylPKrJQoQS-McXyT0hTxJBH8cIZOLRNs52wbwGvFLXYIVEZHGyljSzJI6rSMEThyVUscPt4bST1I7a_JALBL6fsTYceTWr8jWfEGz9iVrH7neo/s1600/Jay.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYDa3wDe4ekhBWzmAkW2L_Sthh9nDc3ylPKrJQoQS-McXyT0hTxJBH8cIZOLRNs52wbwGvFLXYIVEZHGyljSzJI6rSMEThyVUscPt4bST1I7a_JALBL6fsTYceTWr8jWfEGz9iVrH7neo/s1600/Jay.jpg" height="400" width="291" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLdOCJA0rDNI1ofIJ8MFYPKwp5XL9rB0yG2G-gquRGYNm1Gc0RPBJ7qRsMsRcyWxL_VRGBP6Ac5LCN1iZW4-MSt_w2jFqkrFIVmSTOF32BteaASw1cqZAV-M7-jAZjqwkxV-4Gvv0HPs8/s1600/madison+slavery.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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The historical record also provides a likely explanation for
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">why</i> his attitudes changed. During the
1760s, Franklin had the responsibility of advocating for the people of
Pennsylvania during trips to London. Of particular concern to Franklin was the fact
that Pennsylvania was a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">proprietary
province</i>. In other words, unlike other territories that attained the status
of Royal Colonies and were granted some small measure of liberty, Pennsylvania
was governed by unelected oligarchs. </div>
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<br /></div>
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This was of little concern when the proprietor was William
Penn – who was by all accounts a man who respected liberty and was loved by his
people. It became a concern when Penn’s descendants showed little interest in
the welfare of the common people but showed a keen interest in the profits that
might be gained from their position.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The 1760s were a period of embarrassment for Franklin. More
a scientist and philosopher than a politician, he was naïve in believing that,
just because they said so, British ministers and members of parliament were
allies in his cause. He raised Pennsylvanians’ hopes for an end to proprietary
government, and later had to admit failure. And it was also true that, as the
British government descended further into corrupt and tyrannical modes, meaningful
distinctions between “colony” and “proprietary province” had begun to
evaporate. Because he sought to address the problems of Pennsylvania by working
“within the system,” Franklin was slow to recognize that the only viable course
for freedom-loving colonists was to declare independence. <span id="goog_237789061"></span><span id="goog_237789062"></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOb_JsJ4__eqewRV3GduW3LerRWDm_1zJSZra1VdJ8SLp5Wp80QBmbX1O314rhUvSjiFeTCom2OGrOjzF2fUjpgRQELzkFaBUF9BtEncJvEtjOfs1IHNO8UagIyiR87bVoc6PHhuBy6pg/s1600/Jay.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnNJklzGj1GfrrzqOZpMdh54ymNAWe14YuivnlZ8J9QG5uYm9CEpU2L7gwXwT7YlABHvU4kFR1bdvkN1cg73evhG5o_YoNoQl6NhG0LE3XIrh8OoUx3oXKoKikoagEEj4ICs6AzIAfnrM/s1600/madison+slavery.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnNJklzGj1GfrrzqOZpMdh54ymNAWe14YuivnlZ8J9QG5uYm9CEpU2L7gwXwT7YlABHvU4kFR1bdvkN1cg73evhG5o_YoNoQl6NhG0LE3XIrh8OoUx3oXKoKikoagEEj4ICs6AzIAfnrM/s1600/madison+slavery.jpg" height="400" width="260" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Under proprietary governance, oligarchs and not the people
selected the governor. And the governor, in turn, performed the bidding of the
oligarchs without the slightest concern for the common people. During a time
when the French and their Native American allies harassed the outlying portions
of the Pennsylvania territory, oligarchs were not asked to pay taxes toward the
common defense. However, ordinary citizens were obliged not only to pay taxes
but to fight and die on the battlefield. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Taxes continued to rise, but only on the shoulders of the
common people. Proprietors used tax revenue to create new patronage positions
and new advantages for the privileged few. And there was, at the time, an
additional form of taxation known as the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">quit-rent</i>:
the oligarchs owned the lion’s share of farmland in the territory, and if they
were to live and work on this farmland, Pennsylvanian farmers had to pay a regular
fee to the landowner.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Both Franklin and his friend and confidant Joseph Galloway
declared that the people of Pennsylvania were falling into the “jaws of
proprietary slavery.” If “slavery” strikes the reader as too strong a word –
especially in comparison to the extent of slavery experienced by Africans
brought into the colonies, consider the meaning of the word. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFhxUVeKp60wmN1pxiiTjYmHEiJaE6IKbMhzNR6Kj6rJXeyG_WZRSZhKHRVdEqbll-vj5mfEFzCdARjbzqRU-hzw8Da7kutOEiLz4kAEDJ9OQtmsxtxqjVuUqmJdymGO4-OtzJUMKrCao/s1600/franklin+labour.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFhxUVeKp60wmN1pxiiTjYmHEiJaE6IKbMhzNR6Kj6rJXeyG_WZRSZhKHRVdEqbll-vj5mfEFzCdARjbzqRU-hzw8Da7kutOEiLz4kAEDJ9OQtmsxtxqjVuUqmJdymGO4-OtzJUMKrCao/s1600/franklin+labour.png" height="400" width="265" /></a>To be a slave is to perform labor without sharing in the
fruits of one’s labor, to be taxed by and brought into debt by the government, to
be denied a humane standard of living by the government, and to be ordered to fight
and die by the government, without being allowed to exercise the right to
choose one’s own government. And Franklin knew that, in some respects, the
people of Pennsylvania experienced a kind of slavery that was worse than that
faced by the Africans. Whereas slave-owners had an economic interest in
preserving the lives of their slaves, the proprietary oligarchs did not object
to seeing the people of Pennsylvania die in the wilderness. To be free is to be
a stakeholder in one’s government; to be a slave is to be forced to live in
service to private interests. Because Franklin sincerely believed that he and his fellows were in fact slaves, this likely inspired his sympathy with the plight of African slaves.</div>
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<br /></div>
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In due time, outraged and embittered by the continuing
proprietary system, Franklin declared in 1764, “our glorious Plan of public
Liberty … is to be bartered away and we are to be made Slaves for ever!” And
Franklin understood that slavery is an engine for increasing the movement of
wealth out of the hands of the many into the hands of the few. In his studies
of the African slave trade, he wrote,</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .6in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in;">
The Negroes brought into the English Sugar Islands have
greatly diminished the Whites there; the Poor are by this Means deprived of
Employment, while a few Families acquire vast Estates; which they spend on
Foreign Luxuries, and educating their Children in the Habit of those Luxuries;
the same Income is needed for the Support of one that might have maintained
100.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Franklin characterized the proprietary government of
Pennsylvania in these terms: a “fever of ambition and a lust for power” among a
few oligarchs brought about “enfeeblement” of the law, corrupted courts of
justice, and threatened the sanctity of property rights for all but a few. He
spoke of the efforts by the oligarchs to divide the people of Pennsylvania into
warring factions and thereby further their own advantage. In this connection,
he alluded to Aesop’s fable of the lion and the bulls, to wit:</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0.6in 4pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMJtCX8y5YztpAmXClFOr2SVoN_1z-Rr2CEQWnY3L71tu3nMBuK9sGpmuLSXw3SLTqn1LwMJ4M0NWcssI6T9aLSA1EEUzXyKRhEb_qpKpUqeUvtOLv5-9VWF4lCENdeklhhuMc1nfP6Y4/s1600/lion(1).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8hZlK_52zN5F_T4dcZW4R7UJopUvNHJmLB2JwnXz0iSFiX6fqwNUJyneUgQ1IdMJSQMMz1Yv4OTk-i1iaDjN1r35q5OZ5HRu2y70Rj6idD8OhyZaY6j0geQao2X6Oineg4LH69qdcpUc/s1600/lion(2).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8hZlK_52zN5F_T4dcZW4R7UJopUvNHJmLB2JwnXz0iSFiX6fqwNUJyneUgQ1IdMJSQMMz1Yv4OTk-i1iaDjN1r35q5OZ5HRu2y70Rj6idD8OhyZaY6j0geQao2X6Oineg4LH69qdcpUc/s1600/lion(2).jpg" height="230" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Three bulls fed in a field together in the
greatest peace and amity. A lion had long watched them in the hope of making a
prize of them, but found there was little chance for him so long as they kept
all together. He therefore began secretly to spread evil and slanderous reports
of one against the other, till he had fomented a jealousy and distrust amongst
them.</span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0.6in 4pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">No sooner did the lion see that they avoided
one another and fed each by himself apart, than he fell upon them singly, and
so made an easy prey of them all.</span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0.6in 4pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The quarrels of friends are the opportunities
of foes.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0.6in 4pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I won’t extend this essay unnecessarily by providing
examples of the many proverbs of Franklin which speak to the same point. He
felt it necessary to proselytize endlessly to remind people that unity is of
paramount importance if liberty is to be secured and maintained. Divisive
partisanship, when it is observed, is evidence that private interests are at
work attempting to preserve their separate advantages. When we as
individuals worry about feeding our families, and tremble at the thought that
our retirement savings have been plundered, pay ever higher taxes to ensure that private corporations remain untaxed or only lightly taxed, and feel helpless to change our
government for the better, it is all too easy to succumb to partisan sentiment. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">That is why defending liberty is not an easy thing, but the Founders told us that it would never be an easy thing. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">Dear Reader: If you believe that there is merit in what I have written, I ask you to share with others the link to this page. </span></div>
Agishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05297300559991439052noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520077770573448711.post-26446744507886502362014-06-25T17:27:00.003-04:002014-06-25T17:45:58.837-04:00A Birthday Remembrance<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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To mark the birthday of novelist and essayist George Orwell, I will share with the reader a few news items which I feel honor his memory and his aspirations. His life's aim was to shock the reader to awareness of subtle encroachments on liberty, the brutal consequences that are felt once liberty has been supplanted, and the mischief that can occur if we are heedless to the meanings of words.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
President Obama once declared, “My Administration is committed to creating an unprecedented
level of openness in Government.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We will
work together to ensure the public trust and establish a system of
transparency, public participation, and collaboration. Openness will strengthen
our democracy and promote efficiency and effectiveness in Government.”</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv3if4j2mK4SvTwD9cMqsSn8X520LGxkxJG5LgGhnTBeu3KCPQ74Ee6t8c2tqQPEhWpXgmNaUTXKugONEMyBmzdJxA1_iZB4cd5a4jeqceM3jjT9bZ_hUQVw3CXJ7ZfI6813N1drQmaxI/s1600/george-orwell-quotes-sayings-lies-truth-famous.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
News Brief: National intelligence personnel cannot comment to
journalists on security matters, even if asked to give an opinion on a specific
security issue that has been made public. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .6in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in;">
The Obama administration has barred officials at 17 agencies
from speaking to journalists about unclassified intelligence-related topics
without permission, according to a newly disclosed directive.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .6in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in;">
The directive, issued by James R. Clapper Jr., the director
of national intelligence, also requires the agencies’ employees to report any
unplanned contact with journalists. Officials who violate the directive may be
disciplined or fired, the directive says.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .6in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in;">
The directive prohibits unauthorized ‘contact with the media
about intelligence-related information, including intelligence sources,
methods, activities and judgments,’ <u>without regard to whether it is
classified</u>. It says that employees who violate the policy “may be subject
to administrative actions that may include revocation of security clearances or
termination of employment.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .6in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in;">
… any violation of the policy “will be handled in the same
manner as a security violation (<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/22/us/politics/intelligence-chief-issues-limits-on-press-contacts.html">source</a>).”</div>
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This does not bode well for
whistleblowers. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .6in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">News Brief: Federal
officials tell local law enforcement to lie to judges</b><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“At the request of
the Marshals Service, the officers using so-called stingrays have been
routinely telling judges, in applications for warrants, that they obtained
knowledge of a suspect’s location from a ‘confidential source’ rather than
disclosing that the information was gleaned using a stingray (<a href="http://www.wired.com/2014/06/feds-told-cops-to-deceive-courts-about-stingray/">source</a>).”</div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv3if4j2mK4SvTwD9cMqsSn8X520LGxkxJG5LgGhnTBeu3KCPQ74Ee6t8c2tqQPEhWpXgmNaUTXKugONEMyBmzdJxA1_iZB4cd5a4jeqceM3jjT9bZ_hUQVw3CXJ7ZfI6813N1drQmaxI/s1600/george-orwell-quotes-sayings-lies-truth-famous.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv3if4j2mK4SvTwD9cMqsSn8X520LGxkxJG5LgGhnTBeu3KCPQ74Ee6t8c2tqQPEhWpXgmNaUTXKugONEMyBmzdJxA1_iZB4cd5a4jeqceM3jjT9bZ_hUQVw3CXJ7ZfI6813N1drQmaxI/s1600/george-orwell-quotes-sayings-lies-truth-famous.jpg" height="320" width="285" /></a></div>
A stingray is an electronic device that is used to mimic a cellphone
tower, thereby collecting data on the location of a cellphone user and the
identity of the persons he or she is calling. Because this information is
collected without a warrant, the Marshals Service recognized that such information
is inadmissible as evidence in a legal proceeding. Rather than remaining within
the bounds of Constitutional due process guarantees, the Marshals Service opted
in favor of wholesale subversion of due process. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">News Brief: the United
States vs. Daoud</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mr. Daoud’s attorneys have strong reason to suspect that
their client was investigated on the basis of illegally obtained evidence.
Usually, when there is concern about the legality of evidence, a Franks motion
is requested so that the lawyers and the judge may study the matter. At the
same time, FISA allows government agents to keep the means by which they obtain
evidence secret. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In order to make the case that the evidence is illegally
obtained, the attorney must know how the evidence was obtained. However, the
attorney is not allowed to see any information about how the evidence was obtained
(<a href="http://www.lawfareblog.com/2014/06/judge-posner-v-judge-rovner-on-daoud-fisa-and-franks/">source</a>).</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">News Brief: A New rule
restricting NSA </b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“House-approved
legislation would prohibit the NSA and the CIA from foisting
surveillance-facilitating product redesigns on tech companies and require a
warrant for access to American Internet records collected under Section 702 of
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act</i>
(<a href="http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2014/06/20/nsa-restrictions-pass-house-by-large-margin">source</a>).”
However, this is only a modest improvement in terms of the restoration of
Constitutional Liberties. The legislation simply bans one of the most blatantly
egregious violations of the Constitution, namely, the previously accepted
practice of intercepting computers as they roll off the assembly line to
install hardware to permit spying on the activities of the computer user, down
to capturing all of the user’s communications, writings, and whatever appears
on the computer screen. </div>
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<br /></div>
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U.S. Representative Thomas Mackie explained how it is that
this modest reform was allowed to pass: “It was to our benefit that [the
legislation] moved quickly without a lot of advance notice, because [opponents]
didn’t have time to mount a disinformation campaign … We had just enough time
to rally the outside groups and constituents, and they lacked just enough time
to counteract that (<a href="http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2014/06/20/nsa-restrictions-pass-house-by-large-margin">source</a>).”
This is a very telling statement. </div>
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Representative Mackie is in essence saying, “This
legislation, which moves against the usurpation of the liberties of the
American people, only passed because a vast machinery of private interests did
not have sufficient time to mobilize.” This brings us to the final news brief
of the day:</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">News Brief: McCutcheon
v. FEC</b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chief Justice [sic] Roberts declared in this decision that the
only permissible construction of “corruption” exists when a private party hands
a sum of money to a member of Congress with an explicit directive to vote a
certain way on an issue, and the member of Congress votes as he or she has been
directed. This construction of what is meant by “corruption” obviously excludes
consideration of the aforementioned vast machinery of private interests. Said
machinery can apparently launch nationwide disinformation campaigns and place
pressure on members of Congress. </div>
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<br />
Hence, the word “corruption” has been given a new meaning
that is inimical to the public interest. If corruption only occurs when the
person tendering the bribe and the recipient of the bribe decide to conduct
their business in broad daylight, we shouldn’t expect to see too many instances
of this prosecuted in court. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Roberts has also struck a blow to the very meaning of the
First Amendment. He wrote, “In assessing … First Amendment interests … the
proper focus is on an individual’s right to engage in political speech, not a
collective conception of the public good.” Now, if free speech is a right which
adheres only to an individual, then an individual can be secure in his or her
right to free speech provided that he or she is allowed to utter words aloud in
a small, sound-proof cell. And Chief Justice Roberts has clearly chosen to
ignore the preamble of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bill of Rights</i>,
which plainly states that their purpose is to extend “public confidence in the
Government” and best ensure the “beneficent aims” of Government. </div>
Agishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05297300559991439052noreply@blogger.com0